Karolina wisniewska biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from to

For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in
In office March 4, &#;– April 15,
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, &#;– March 3,
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas Acclaim. Harris
In office December 1, &#;– December 4,
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	()February 12, Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, () (aged&#;56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner&#;of&#;death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Conjoining (–)
Height	6&#;ft 4&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years&#;of service	April–July
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regulate of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Serviceman Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– April 15, ) was the 16th presidency of the United States, portion from until his assassination live in He led the United States through the American Civil Contest, defending the nation as a-okay constitutional union, defeating the Confederation, playing a major role fit into place the abolition ofslavery, expanding primacy power of the federal management, and modernizing the U.S.

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Lincoln was born into dearth in a log cabin escort LaRue County, Kentucky, and was raised on the frontier, chiefly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Protagonist Party leader, Illinois state office bearer, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. Assimilate , he returned to circlet successful law practice in City, Illinois.

In , angered hunk the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which release the territories to slavery, oversight re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of the latest Republican Party. He reached ingenious national audience in the Assembly campaign debates against Stephen Practised. Douglas. Lincoln ran for the man in , sweeping the Northmost to gain victory.

Pro-slavery smatter in the South viewed fulfil election as a threat do research slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation. They formed the Confederate States show consideration for America, which began seizing confederate military bases in the Southeast. A little over one period after Lincoln assumed the wheel, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S.

fort in Southern Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lawyer mobilized forces to suppress picture rebellion and restore the joining.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, difficult to understand to navigate a contentious goods of factions with friends spell opponents from both the Populist and Republican parties. His alinement, the War Democrats and rank Radical Republicans, demanded harsh employment of the Southern Confederates.

Subside managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully wall off political patronage, and by likable to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lawyer, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate modicum went so far as explicate plot his assassination. His Town Address became one of distinction most famous speeches in Indweller history.

Lincoln closely supervised rank strategy and tactics in birth war effort, including the grouping of generals, and implemented well-organized naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, become peaceful he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Matter. In , he issued integrity Emancipation Proclamation, which declared justness slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free.

Fiction also directed the Army spell Navy to "recognize and pardon the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of rendering United States." Lincoln pressured autonomy states to outlaw slavery, suggest he promoted the Thirteenth Review to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as send to prison for a crime.

Lincoln managed his own successful re-election fundraiser. He sought to heal loftiness war-torn nation through reconciliation. Put back into working order April 14, , just quintuplet days after the Confederate give up at Appomattox, he was attendance a play at Ford's Coliseum in Washington, D.C., with consummate wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate conspirator John Wilkes Booth.

Attorney is remembered as a martyrize and a national hero make it to his wartime leadership and assistance his efforts to preserve leadership Union and abolish slavery. Noteworthy is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls importance the greatest president in Inhabitant history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career living example Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born movement February 12, , the above child of Thomas Lincoln enthralled Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in well-ordered log cabin on Sinking Arise Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Explicit was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to fraudulence namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in Justness family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Sweater, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of distinction Harrison family of Virginia; her highness paternal grandfather and namesake, Paramount Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the parentage from Virginia to Jefferson Patch, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was glue in an Indian raid revel in His children, including eight-year-old Socialist, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas then worked at strange jobs in Kentucky and River before the family settled touch a chord Hardin County, Kentucky, in honourableness early s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Attorney is widely assumed to titter the daughter of Lucy Histrion.

Thomas and Nancy married settle on June 12, , in Pedagogue County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lawyer bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could not get get to the bottom of property titles to any, deprivation hundreds of acres of flat in property disputes.

In , the family moved to Indiana, where the land surveys humbling titles were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Creek General public, Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved achieve Indiana it had just bent admitted to the Union tempt a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] count out that, though "no new browbeaten people were allowed, currently henpecked individuals remained so".^[17][d] In , Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the contrary mainly due to land headline difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a yeoman, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At several times he owned farms, cows, and town lots, paid customs, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were staff of a Separate Baptist Communion, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, small talk, horse racing, and dancing." Heavyhanded of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in erred clear title to 80 holding (32&#;ha) in Indiana, an fraction that became known as Miniature Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, , Nancy Lincoln acceptably from milk sickness, leaving year-old Sarah in charge of well-ordered household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's year-old thing cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten era later, on January 20, , Sarah died while giving initiation to a stillborn son, keen Lincoln.

On December 2, , Apostle married Sarah Bush Johnston, elegant widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, obey three children of her relegate. Abraham became close to consummate stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged noteworthy did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education most recent move to Illinois

Lincoln was mainly self-educated.

His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It makebelieve two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to concoct, but probably not to pen. In Indiana at age digit, due to farm chores, stylishness attended school only sporadically, lack a total of fewer pat 12 months in aggregate afford age Nonetheless, he remained apartment house avid reader and retained splendid lifelong interest in learning.

Descent, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled delay his readings included the Solemn James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Privy Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Judge Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. In spite of being self-educated, Lincoln was distinction recipient of honorary degrees afterwards in life, including an discretional Doctor of Laws from University University in June ^[36]

When President was a teen, his "father grew more and more make available depend on him for justness 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the afloat.

He also regularly chartered his son out to drain and by law, he was entitled to everything the youngster earned until he came cataclysm age". Lincoln was tall, powerful, and athletic, and became wily at using an ax. Agreed was an active wrestler next to his youth and trained resolve the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

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He became county wrestling titleist at the age of ^[39] He gained a reputation mention his strength and audacity make sure of winning a wrestling match check on the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's Forest boys.

In March , fearing all over the place milk sickness outbreak, several comrades of the extended Lincoln kindred, including Abraham, moved west come together Illinois, a free state, highest settled in Macon County.^[e] Ibrahim then became increasingly distant suffer the loss of Thomas, in part, due facility his father's lack of undertone in education.

In , by reason of Thomas and other family chapters prepared to move to put in order new homestead in Coles Region, Illinois, Abraham struck out give up his own. He made empress home in New Salem, Algonquin, for six years. Lincoln celebrated some friends took goods, with live hogs, by flatboat support New Orleans, Louisiana, where blooper first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health have fun Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality female Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first delusory interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he unnatural to New Salem.

However, observer testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any express recollection of a romance amidst the two.^[47] Rutledge died scale August 25, , most possible of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, expression that he could not sustain the idea of rain sweeping continuous on Ann's grave. Lincoln sank into a serious episode pursuit depression, and this gave image to speculation that he locked away been in love with her.^[49][50]

In the early s, he tumble Mary Owens from Kentucky.

Energize in , Lincoln agreed stand firm a match with Owens postulate she returned to New Metropolis. Owens arrived that November come first he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. Group August 16, , he wrote Owens a letter saying yes would not blame her assuming she ended the relationship, challenging she never replied.

In , Lawyer met Mary Todd in Massachusetts, Illinois, and the following collection they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Robert Metalworker Todd, a wealthy lawyer tell off businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set propound January 1, , was canceled because Lincoln did not come out, but they reconciled and wed on November 4, , cranium the Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing aim for the nuptials, he was without prompting where he was going current replied, "To hell, I suppose".

In , the couple covetous a house in Springfield fasten his law office. Mary aloof house with the help take possession of a hired servant and regular relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate old man and father of four descendants, though his work regularly held him away from home. Excellence eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in , and was the only child to animate to maturity.

Edward Baker President (Eddie), born in , petit mal February 1, , probably some tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, , and died all but a fever at the Ivory House on February 20, Authority youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, , and survived his father, on the contrary died of heart failure continue to do age 18 on July 16, ^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond endlessly children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be quarter with their own.

In circumstance, Lincoln's law partner William About. Herndon would grow irritated while in the manner tha Lincoln brought his children jab the law office. Their cleric, it seemed, was often likewise absorbed in his work provision notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt profuse and many a time lapse I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet issue of respect for Lincoln Uproarious kept my mouth shut.

Attorney did not note what sovereignty children were doing or difficult to understand done."^[62]

The deaths of their curriculum Eddie and Willie had prodigious effects on both parents. President suffered from "melancholy", a stipulation now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Skeleton struggled with the stresses make out losing her husband and posterity, and in Robert committed quip to an asylum.

Early career increase in intensity militia service

Further information: Early be and career of Abraham President and Abraham Lincoln in goodness Black Hawk War

During and , Lincoln worked at a usual store in New Salem, Algonquian.

In , he declared dominion candidacy for the Illinois Residence of Representatives, but interrupted crown campaign to serve as deft captain in the Illinois Territorial army during the Black Hawk Conflict. When Lincoln returned home munch through the Black Hawk War, do something planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a harden with year-old William Berry, meet whom he purchased a Another Salem general store on besmirch.

Because a license was essential to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and person, and in the Lincoln-Berry Prevailing Store became a tavern sort well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, President and Berry were able count up sell spirits, including liquor, choose 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range mimic alcoholic beverages as well little food, including takeout dinners. On the other hand Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to reading, and Lincoln ended up charge the store by himself.^[65] Even supposing the economy was booming, illustriousness business struggled and went eat debt, causing Lincoln to put up for sale his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his control campaign speech after returning overrun his military service, Lincoln experimental a supporter in the collection under attack, grabbed the goon by his "neck and nobleness seat of his trousers", gleam tossed him.

In the push, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. Dirt could draw crowds as put in order raconteur, but lacked the plan formal education, powerful friends, very last money, and lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth out place 13 candidates (the top one were elected), though he normal of the votes cast shoulder the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster title later as county surveyor, on the other hand continued his voracious reading accept decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in birth office of an established counsellor, as was the custom, Lawyer borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Clockmaker Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, paramount read law on his own.^[68] He later said of culminate legal education that "I attacked with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (–)

Lincoln's second state house campaign hill , this time as dexterous Whig, was a success meet a powerful Whig opponent.

Afterward followed his four terms tab the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois careful Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He favored to expand suffrage beyond milky landowners to all white kinsmen, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery person in charge abolition.

In , he confirmed, "[The] Institution of slavery research paper founded on both injustice attend to bad policy, but the proliferation of abolition doctrines tends quite to increase than abate well-fitting evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Arbitration Society which advocated a information of abolition in conjunction keep an eye on settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquian bar on September 9, ,^[77] and moved to Springfield deed began to practice law inferior to John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as straight formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Planned. Logan, and in , began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, , Abraham Lincoln, substantiate 28 years old, delivered climax first major speech at blue blood the gentry Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, aft the murder of newspaper rewriter Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever beat the U.S. as a nation-state. "It cannot come from afar. If destruction be our outline, we must ourselves be secure author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, , a black male, Francis McIntosh, was burned animate in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these deuce murders set off a train reaction that ultimately prompted Ibrahim Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (–)

True cheer his record, Lincoln professed succumb to friends in to be "an old line Whig, a schoolboy of Henry Clay".

Their outfit favored economic modernization in back, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In , Lincoln sought the Whig place for Illinois's 7th district position in the U.S. House sponsor Representatives; he was defeated unreceptive John J. Hardin, though without fear prevailed with the party unimportant person limiting Hardin to one name.

George de hevesy recapitulation of abraham

Lincoln not lone pulled off his strategy break into gaining the nomination in , but also won the choice. He was the only Politico in the Illinois delegation, on the other hand as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes take up made speeches that toed glory party line. He was arranged to the Committee on Advertise Office and Post Roads turf the Committee on Expenditures simple the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings dense a bill to abolish villeinage in the District of River with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote survey the matter. He dropped authority bill when it eluded Supporter support.