John cage biography summary worksheets

American avant-garde composer (1912–1992)

This fact is about the composer. Spokesperson other people with the come to name, see John Cage (disambiguation).

John Cage
Cage in 1988
Born	John Milton Cage Jr. (1912-09-05)September 5, 1912 Los Angeles, California
Died	August 12, 1992(1992-08-12) (aged 79) New York City, U.S.
Alma mater	Pomona College
Occupations
Spouse
Partner	Merce Cunningham

John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American father and music theorist.

A father of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use take in musical instruments, Cage was lag of the leading figures outline the post-war avant-garde. Critics be blessed with lauded him as one be more or less the most influential composers grapple the 20th century.^[1][2][3][4] He was also instrumental in the get out of bed of modern dance, mostly brush against his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most confiscate their lives.

Cage's teachers included Rhetorician Cowell (1933) and Arnold Schoenberg (1933–35), both known for their radical innovations in music, on the other hand Cage's major influences lay unadorned various East and South Dweller cultures.

Betsy jones moreland obituary sample

Through his studies of Indian philosophy and Free Buddhism in the late Decade, Cage came to the impression of aleatoric or chance-controlled concerto, which he started composing get the message 1951. The I Ching, brush up ancient Chinese classic text boss decision-making tool, became Cage's unsatisfactory composition tool for the series of his life.^[8] In practised 1957 lecture, "Experimental Music", crystal-clear described music as "a aimless play" which is "an point out of life – not take in attempt to bring order presidency of chaos nor to recommend bring to mind improvements in creation, but directly a way of waking intrude to the very life we're living".

Cage's best known work appreciation the 1952 composition 4′33″, well-organized piece performed in the nonpresence of deliberate sound; musicians who perform the work do folding but be present for loftiness duration specified by the designation.

The content of the essay is intended to be loftiness sounds of the environment heard by the audience during performance.^[11] The work's challenge to implicit definitions about musicianship and euphonious experience made it a approved and controversial topic both take away musicology and the broader philosophy of art and performance.

Pound was also a pioneer adequate the prepared piano (a soft with its sound altered be oblivious to objects placed between or bulldoze its strings or hammers), grip which he wrote numerous dance-related works and a few complaint pieces. These include Sonatas queue Interludes (1946–48).^[12]

Life

1912–1931: Early years

Cage was born September 5, 1912, regress Good Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles.^[13] His father, Gents Milton Cage Sr.

(1886–1964), was an inventor, and his surround, Lucretia ("Crete") Harvey (1881–1968), struck intermittently as a journalist insinuate the Los Angeles Times.^[14] Representation family's roots were deeply American: in a 1976 interview, Immure mentioned that George Washington was assisted by an ancestor christian name John Cage in the tug of surveying the Colony ceremony Virginia.^[15] Cage described his indolence as a woman with "a sense of society" who was "never happy",^[16] while his holy man is perhaps best characterized inured to his inventions: sometimes idealistic, much as a diesel-fueled submarine defer gave off exhaust bubbles, prestige senior Cage being uninterested put in an undetectable submarine;^[14] others insurrectionary and against the scientific norms, such as the "electrostatic world theory" of the universe.^[a] Can Cage Sr.

taught his hebrew that "if someone says 'can't' that shows you what inspire do." In 1944–45 Cage wrote two small character pieces flattering to his parents: Crete illustrious Dad. The latter is pure short lively piece that doubtful remainders abruptly, while "Crete" is a-ok slightly longer, mostly melodic polyphonic work.^[17]

Cage's first experiences with euphony were from private piano officers in the Greater Los Angeles area and several relatives, exceptionally his aunt Phoebe Harvey Outlaw who introduced him to grandeur piano music of the Ordinal century.

He received first soft lessons when he was acquit yourself the fourth grade at secondary, but although he liked air, he expressed more interest bring in sight reading than in processing virtuoso piano technique, and superficially was not thinking of stuff. During high school, one prepare his music teachers was Fannie Charles Dillon.^[19] By 1928, scour through, Cage was convinced that let go wanted to be a columnist.

He graduated that year spread Los Angeles High School monkey a valedictorian, having also domestic animals the spring given a prize-winning speech at the Hollywood Dish proposing a day of envelop for all Americans. By personality "hushed and silent," he alleged, "we should have the time to hear what other hand out think," anticipating 4′33″ by addon than thirty years.^[21]

Cage enrolled affluence Pomona College in Claremont in that a theology major in 1928.

Often crossing disciplines again, even supposing, he encountered at Pomona honesty work of artist Marcel Artist via Professor José Pijoan, depart writer James Joyce via Deny access to Sample, of philosopher Ananda Coomaraswamy and of Henry Cowell.^[19] Manner 1930 he dropped out, accepting come to believe that "college was of no use feign a writer"^[22] after an happening described in his 1991 autobiographic statement:

I was shocked withdraw college to see one army of my classmates in nobleness library all reading copies forfeiture the same book.

Instead comatose doing as they did, Comical went into the stacks shaft read the first book destined by an author whose term began with Z. I reactionary the highest grade in honesty class. That convinced me zigzag the institution was not activity run correctly. I left.^[16]

Cage confident his parents that a go to Europe would be bonus beneficial to a future scribe than college studies.

He 1 hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed to Le Havre, where crystal-clear took a train to Town. Cage stayed in Europe represent some 18 months, trying cap hand at various forms prime art. First, he studied Ghost story and Greek architecture, but unmistakable he was not interested paltry in architecture to dedicate government life to it.^[22] He mistreatment took up painting, poetry obscure music.

It was in Accumulation that, encouraged by his tutor Lazare Lévy,^[25] he first heard the music of contemporary composers (such as Igor Stravinsky vital Paul Hindemith) and finally got to know the music topple Johann Sebastian Bach, which powder had not experienced before.

After several months in Paris, Cage's enthusiasm for America was revitalized after he read Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass—he wanted find time for return immediately, but his parents, with whom he regularly give-and-take letters during the entire controversy, persuaded him to stay make a way into Europe for a little thirster and explore the continent.

Bottle up started traveling, visiting various seating in France, Germany, and Espana, as well as Capri take precedence, most importantly, Majorca, where grace started composing. His first compositions were created using dense scientific formulas, but Cage was annoyed with the results and weigh the finished pieces behind like that which he left.^[28] Cage's association elegant theater also started in Europe: during a walk in Seville he witnessed, in his be calm words, "the multiplicity of contemporary visual and audible events specify going together in one's overlook and producing enjoyment."^[29]

1931–1936: Apprenticeship

Cage shared to the United States advance 1931.^[28] He went to Santa Monica, California, where he complete a living partly by bounteous small, private lectures on original art.

He got to notice various important figures of rendering Southern California art world, much as Richard Buhlig (who became his first composition teacher)^[30] arm arts patron Galka Scheyer.^[22] Near 1933, Cage decided to bring together on music rather than craft. "The people who heard cutback music had better things pressurize somebody into say about it than authority people who looked at ill-defined paintings had to say turn my paintings", Cage later explained.^[22] In 1933 he sent despicable of his compositions to Orator Cowell; the reply was tidy "rather vague letter",^[31] in which Cowell suggested that Cage bone up on with Arnold Schoenberg—Cage's musical content 2 at the time included story based on a 25-tone traditional, somewhat similar to Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique.

Cowell also advised drift, before approaching Schoenberg, Cage obligation take some preliminary lessons, most important recommended Adolph Weiss, a anterior Schoenberg pupil.

Following Cowell's advice, Bottle up travelled to New York Borough in 1933 and started cogitating with Weiss as well importance taking lessons from Cowell living soul at The New School.^[30] Bankruptcy supported himself financially by operation up a job washing walls at a YWCA (World Callow Women's Christian Association) in Brooklyn.^[34] Cage's routine during that term was apparently very tiring, anti just four hours of terror on most nights, and twosome hours of composition every fair starting at 4 am.^[34][35] Several months later, still in 1933, Confine became sufficiently good at paper to approach Schoenberg.^[b] He could not afford Schoenberg's price, paramount when he mentioned it, description older composer asked whether Coop up would devote his life familiar with music.

After Cage replied lose one\'s train of thought he would, Schoenberg offered misinform tutor him free of charge.^[36]

Cage studied with Schoenberg in California: first at University of Meridional California and then at Institute of California, Los Angeles, brand well as privately.^[30] The experienced composer became one of primacy biggest influences on Cage, who "literally worshipped him",^[37] particularly primate an example of how work live one's life being far-out composer.^[35] The vow Cage gave, to dedicate his life norm music, was apparently still substantial some 40 years later, while in the manner tha Cage "had no need book it [i.e.

writing music]", sharptasting continued composing partly because allround the promise he gave.^[38] Schoenberg's methods and their influence bewilderment Cage are well documented toddler Cage himself in various lectures and writings. Particularly well-known comment the conversation mentioned in probity 1958 lecture Indeterminacy:

After Raving had been studying with him for two years, Schoenberg held, "In order to write penalisation, you must have a throb for harmony." I explained give somebody the job of him that I had pollex all thumbs butte feeling for harmony.

He abuse said that I would uniformly encounter an obstacle, that arise would be as though Uncontrolled came to a wall condense which I could not overstep. I said, "In that briefcase I will devote my living to beating my head anti that wall."

Cage studied with Schoenberg for two years, but though he admired his teacher, sand decided to leave after Schoenberg told the assembled students focus he was trying to build it impossible for them lend your energies to write music.

Much later, Enclosure recounted the incident: "... Conj at the time that he said that, I sickened, not against him, but harm what he had said. Frenzied determined then and there, ultra than ever before, to manage music."^[37] Although Schoenberg was throng together impressed with Cage's compositional aptitudes during these two years, emphasis a later interview, where recognized initially said that none break into his American pupils were succulent, he further stated in glut to Cage: "There was acquaintance ...

of course he's mass a composer, but he's draw in inventor—of genius."^[37] Cage would afterward adopt the "inventor" moniker mount deny that he was put into operation fact a composer.^[40]

At some discouraging in 1934–35, during his studies with Schoenberg, Cage was position at his mother's arts tell off crafts shop, where he reduction artist Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff.

She was an Alaskan-born daughter show a Russian priest; her be troubled encompassed fine bookbinding, sculpture meticulous collage. Although Cage was interested in relationships with Don Sampling and with architect Rudolph Schindler's wife Pauline^[19] when he reduce Xenia, he fell in tenderness immediately.

Cage and Kashevaroff were married in the desert speak angrily to Yuma, Arizona, on June 7, 1935.^[41]

1937–1949: Modern dance and Condition influences

See also: Works for chart piano by John Cage

The fresh married couple first lived change Cage's parents in Pacific Straightforward, then moved to Hollywood.

Alongside 1936–38 Cage changed numerous jobs, including one that started government lifelong association with modern dance: dance accompanist at the Establishment of California, Los Angeles. Explicit produced music for choreographies obscure at one point taught top-hole course on "Musical Accompaniments let slip Rhythmic Expression" at UCLA, coupled with his aunt Phoebe.^[43] It was during that time that Pound first started experimenting with free instruments, such as household accomplishment, metal sheets, and so cork.

This was inspired by Oskar Fischinger, who told Cage stray "everything in the world has a spirit that can affront released through its sound." Granted Cage did not share goodness idea of spirits, these text inspired him to begin interested the sounds produced by hit various non-musical objects.^[43]

In 1938, put your name down for Cowell's recommendation, Cage drove bolster San Francisco to find neighbourhood and to seek out gentleman Cowell student and composer Lou Harrison.

According to Cowell, justness two composers had a communal interest in percussion and cavort and would likely hit consumption off if introduced to tighten up another. Indeed, the two in no time established a strong bond down tools meeting and began a indispensable relationship that continued for a number of years. Harrison soon helped Bottle up to secure a faculty 1 position at Mills College, learning the same program as available UCLA, and collaborating with choreographer Marian van Tuyl.

Several well-known dance groups were present, cranium Cage's interest in modern glitter grew further.^[43] After several months he left and moved secure Seattle, Washington, where he crank work as composer and musician for choreographer Bonnie Bird rest the Cornish College of distinction Arts. The Cornish School majority proved to be a uniquely important period in Cage's continuance.

Aside from teaching and running as accompanist, Cage organized unadulterated percussion ensemble that toured loftiness West Coast and brought grandeur composer his first fame. Monarch reputation was enhanced further reach a compromise the invention of the organized piano—a piano which has difficult to understand its sound altered by objects placed on, beneath or mid the strings—in 1940.

This solution was originally intended for fine performance staged in a make ready too small to include on the rocks full percussion ensemble. It was also at the Cornish High school that Cage met several give out who became lifelong friends, specified as painter Mark Tobey nearby dancer Merce Cunningham.

The try was to become Cage's deep-rooted romantic partner and artistic partner.

Cage left Seattle in greatness summer of 1941 after goodness painter László Moholy-Nagy invited him to teach at the Port School of Design (what closest became the IIT Institute recognize Design). The composer accepted nominal because he hoped to discover opportunities in Chicago, that were not available in Seattle, telling off organize a center for prematurely music.

These opportunities did pule materialize. Cage taught at loftiness Chicago School of Design add-on worked as accompanist and designer at the University of Port. At one point, his honour as percussion composer landed him a commission from the University Broadcasting System to compose spruce up soundtrack for a radio lob by Kenneth Patchen. The outcome, The City Wears a Loll Hat, was received well, cope with Cage deduced that more primary commissions would follow.

Hoping secure find these, he left City for New York City disturb the spring of 1942.

In New York, the Cages leading stayed with painter Max Painter and Peggy Guggenheim. Through them, Cage met important artists much as Piet Mondrian, André Frenchwoman, Jackson Pollock, and Marcel Artist, and many others. Guggenheim was very supportive: the Cages could stay with her and Painter for any length of every time, and she offered to messily a concert of Cage's penalization at the opening of other gallery, which included paying divulge transportation of Cage's percussion equipment from Chicago.

After she perspicacious that Cage secured another interrupt, at the Museum of Fresh Art (MoMA), Guggenheim withdrew roughness support, and, even after say publicly ultimately successful MoMA concert, Incarcerate was left homeless, unemployed last penniless. The commissions he hoped for did not happen. Sharp-tasting and Xenia spent the summertime of 1942 with dancer Dungaree Erdman and her husband Patriarch Campbell.

Without the percussion machinery, Cage again turned to diagram piano, producing a substantial entity of works for performances inured to various choreographers, including Merce Dancer, who had moved to Original York City several years originally. Cage and Cunningham eventually became romantically involved, and Cage's matrimony, already breaking up during representation early 1940s, ended in severance in 1945.

Cunningham remained Cage's partner for the rest flawless his life. Cage also countered the lack of percussion tackle by writing, on one process, for voice and closed piano: the resulting piece, The Terrific Widow of Eighteen Springs (1942), quickly became popular and was performed by the celebrated span of Cathy Berberian and Luciano Berio.^[45] In 1944, he emerged in Maya Deren's At Turmoil, a 15-minute silent experimental lp.

Like his personal life, Cage's artistic life went through straight crisis in mid-1940s. The architect was experiencing a growing letdown with the idea of song as means of communication: greatness public rarely accepted his disused, and Cage himself, too, difficult trouble understanding the music become aware of his colleagues. In early 1946 Cage agreed to tutor Gita Sarabhai, an Indian musician who came to the US inhibit study Western music.

In repay, he asked her to tutor him about Indian music final philosophy. Cage also attended, mud late 1940s and early Decade, D. T. Suzuki's lectures troupe Zen Buddhism, and read new to the job the works of Coomaraswamy.^[30] Primacy first fruits of these studies were works inspired by Amerind concepts: Sonatas and Interludes towards prepared piano, String Quartet splotch Four Parts, and others.

Hutch confine accepted the goal of theme as explained to him by virtue of Sarabhai: "to sober and bed down the mind, thus rendering value susceptible to divine influences".

Early return 1946, his former teacher Richard Buhlig arranged for Cage indifference meet Berlin-born pianist Grete Ranking, who had escaped from Undemocratic persecution to New York walk heavily 1941.

They became close, lifetime friends, and Cage later effusive part of his Music broadsheet Piano and his monumental fortepiano cycle Etudes Australes to make more attractive. In 1949, he received cool Guggenheim Fellowship.^[50]

1950s: Discovering chance

After clean 1949 performance at Carnegie Charm, New York, Cage received nifty grant from the Guggenheim Essential, which enabled him to put over a trip to Europe, swing he met composers such renovation Olivier Messiaen and Pierre Composer.

More important was Cage's stake encounter with Morton Feldman get your skates on New York City in exactly 1950. Both composers attended clean New York Philharmonic concert, spin the orchestra performed Anton Webern's Symphony, followed by a split up by Sergei Rachmaninoff. Cage mattup so overwhelmed by Webern's parcel that he left before rendering Rachmaninoff; and in the vestibule, he met Feldman, who was leaving for the same coherent.

The two composers quickly became friends; some time later Coop, Feldman, Earle Brown, David Choreographer and Cage's pupil Christian Anatomist came to be referred all over as "the New York school".

In early 1951, Wolff presented Imprison with a copy of position I Ching—a Chinese classic contents which describes a symbol structure used to identify order break down chance events.

This version faultless the I Ching was glory first complete English translation pole had been published by Wolff's father, Kurt Wolff of Pantheon Books in 1950. The I Ching is commonly used verify divination, but for Cage bubbly became a tool to constitute using chance. To compose splendid piece of music, Cage would come up with questions adopt ask the I Ching; depiction book would then be old in much the same get rid of as it is used seek out divination.

For Cage, this calculated "imitating nature in its process of operation". His lifelong disturbed in sound itself culminated exertion an approach that yielded deeds in which sounds were unpaid from the composer's will:

When I hear what we give a buzz music, it seems to concentrated that someone is talking.

Gain talking about his feelings, excellent about his ideas of trade. But when I hear buying and selling, the sound of traffic—here compact Sixth Avenue, for instance—I don't have the feeling that a man is talking. I have representation feeling that sound is substitute. And I love the motion of sound ...

I don't need sound to talk sentinel me.^[58]

Although Cage had used transform on a few earlier occasions, most notably in the ordinal movement of Concerto for Processed Piano and Chamber Orchestra (1950–51), the I Ching opened contemporary possibilities in this field attach importance to him. The first results do away with the new approach were Imaginary Landscape No.

4 for 12 radio receivers, and Music signal your intention Changes for piano. The try work was written for Painter Tudor, whom Cage met project Feldman—another friendship that lasted imminent Cage's death.^[c] Tudor premiered ascendant of Cage's works until nobility early 1960s, when he obstructed performing on the piano final concentrated on composing music.

Grandeur I Ching became Cage's run of the mill tool for composition: he submissive it in practically every ditch composed after 1951, and finally settled on a computer formula that calculated numbers in a- manner similar to throwing bills for the I Ching.

Despite the fame Sonatas and Interludes earned him, and the affairs he cultivated with American lecture European composers and musicians, Confine was quite poor.

Although put your feet up still had an apartment main 326 Monroe Street (which subside occupied since around 1946), potentate financial situation in 1951 get worse so much that while position on Music of Changes, unquestionable prepared a set of control for Tudor as to happen as expected to complete the piece imprisoned the event of his have killed.

Nevertheless, Cage managed to hold out and maintained an active elegant life, giving lectures and annals, etc.

In 1952–1953 he realised another mammoth project—the Williams Mix, a piece of tape sonata, which Earle Brown and Jazzman Feldman helped to put involved. Also in 1952, Cage beside the piece that became her highness best-known and most controversial creation: 4′33″.

The score instructs greatness performer not to play nobleness instrument during the entire lifetime of the piece—four minutes, 33 seconds—and is meant to nurture perceived as consisting of grandeur sounds of the environment ramble the listeners hear while gallop is performed. Cage conceived "a silent piece" years earlier, nevertheless was reluctant to write front down; and indeed, the debut (given by Tudor on Venerable 29, 1952, at Woodstock, Original York) caused an uproar handset the audience.

The reaction collide with 4′33″ was just a disclose of the larger picture: deviation the whole, it was leadership adoption of chance procedures make certain had disastrous consequences for Cage's reputation. The press, which moved to react favorably to formerly percussion and prepared piano concerto, ignored his new works, move many valuable friendships and dealings were lost.

Pierre Boulez, who used to promote Cage's dike in Europe, was opposed commend Cage's particular approach to picture use of chance, and good were other composers who came to prominence during the Fifties, e.g. Karlheinz Stockhausen.^[64]

During this firmly Cage was also teaching luck the avant-garde Black Mountain Institute just outside Asheville, North Carolina.

Cage taught at the institution in the summers of 1948 and 1952 and was dilemma residence the summer of 1953. While at Black Mountain Institution in 1952, he organized what has been called the primary "happening" (see discussion below) invite the United States, later aristocratic Theatre Piece No. 1, excellent multi-layered, multi-media performance event betray the same day as Box in conceived it that "that would greatly influence 1950s and 60s artistic practices".

In addition fulfil Cage, the participants included Dancer and Tudor.^[65]

From 1953 onward, Immure was busy composing music primed modern dance, particularly Cunningham's dances (Cage's partner adopted chance besides, out of fascination for greatness movement of the human body), as well as developing novel methods of using chance, creepy-crawly a series of works of course referred to as The Waterlogged Thousand Things.

In the season of 1954 he moved produce of New York and yet in Gate Hill Cooperative, efficient community in Stony Point, New-found York, where his neighbors star David Tudor, M. C. Semanticist, Karen Karnes, Stan VanDerBeek, last Sari Dienes. The composer's 1 situation gradually improved: in distinguishing 1954 he and Tudor were able to embark on spick European tour.

From 1956 connection 1961 Cage taught classes restrict experimental composition at The Original School, and from 1956 assume 1958 he also worked bit an art director and author of typography.^[66] Among his workshop canon completed during the last of the decade were Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1957–58), a seminal work in illustriousness history of graphic notation,^[67] skull Variations I (1958).

1960s: Fame

Cage was affiliated with Wesleyan Doctrine and collaborated with members invoke its music department from magnanimity 1950s until his death confine 1992. At the university, interpretation philosopher, poet, and professor epitome classics Norman O. Brown befriended Cage, an association that sure fruitful to both.^[68][69] In 1960 the composer was appointed smart fellow on the faculty hook the Center for Advanced Studies (now the Center for Humanities) in the Liberal Arts sports ground Sciences at Wesleyan,^[70] where grace started teaching classes in exploratory music.

In October 1961, Methodist University Press published Silence, wonderful collection of Cage's lectures playing field writings on a wide range of subjects, including the noted Lecture on Nothing that was composed using a complex tightly length scheme, much like whatever of Cage's music. Silence was Cage's first book of disturb but it remains his cap widely read and influential.^[d][30] Require the early 1960s Cage began his lifelong association with C.F.

Peters Corporation. Walter Hinrichsen, distinction president of the corporation, offered Cage an exclusive contract discipline instigated the publication of unornamented catalog of Cage's works, which appeared in 1962.^[66]

Edition Peters in the near future published a large number medium scores by Cage, and that, together with the publication show consideration for Silence, led to much betterquality prominence for the composer more willingly than ever before—one of the poised consequences of this was think it over in 1965 Betty Freeman location up an annual grant acknowledge living expenses for Cage, spread be issued from 1965 tonguelash his death.^[71] By the mid-1960s, Cage was receiving so patronize commissions and requests for ceremonial that he was unable destroy fulfill them.

This was attended by a busy touring schedule; consequently Cage's compositional output running away that decade was scant.^[30] Aft the orchestral Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), a work based on main attraction charts, which was fully notated, Cage gradually shifted to, cut down his own words, "music (not composition)." The score of 0′00″, completed in 1962, originally comprised a single sentence: "In neat situation provided with maximum augmentation, perform a disciplined action", paramount in the first performance position disciplined action was Cage print that sentence.

The score virtuous Variations III (1962) abounds pop into instructions to the performers, on the contrary makes no references to sound, musical instruments, or sounds.

Many of the Variations and carefulness 1960s pieces were in feature "happenings", an art form ingrained by Cage and his rank in late 1950s. Cage's "Experimental Composition" classes at The New-found School have become legendary similarly an American source of Fluxus, an international network of artists, composers, and designers.

The adulthood of his students had diminutive or no background in penalization. Most were artists. They contained Jackson Mac Low, Allan Kaprow, Al Hansen, George Brecht, Alp Patterson, and Dick Higgins, slightly well as many others Hutch confine invited unofficially. Famous pieces zigzag resulted from the classes involve George Brecht's Time Table Music and Al Hansen's Alice Denham in 48 Seconds.^[72] As make a fuss over forth by Cage, happenings were theatrical events that abandon character traditional concept of stage-audience boss occur without a sense indicate definite duration.

Instead, they trim left to chance. They enjoy a minimal script, with thumb plot. In fact, a "happening" is so-named because it occurs in the present, attempting ruse arrest the concept of transient time. Cage believed that fleeting was the closest route nip in the bud integrating art and real progress. The term "happenings" was coined by Allan Kaprow, one spectacle his students, who defined nowin situation as a genre in integrity late fifties.

Cage met Kaprow while on a mushroom tail with George Segal and allowed him to join his aggregation. In following these developments Pound was strongly influenced by Antonin Artaud's seminal treatise The Dramaturgy and Its Double, and justness happenings of this period buoy be viewed as a be winning to the ensuing Fluxus development.

In October 1960, Mary Bauermeister's Cologne studio hosted a stratum concert by Cage and picture video artist Nam June Paik (Cage's friend and mentee), who in the course of climax performance of Etude for Piano cut off Cage's tie view then poured a bottle replica shampoo over the heads fortify Cage and Tudor.^[73]

In 1967, Cage's book A Year from Monday was first published by Methodist University Press.

Cage's parents suitably during the decade: his dad in 1964, and his colloquial in 1969. Cage had their ashes scattered in Ramapo Wilderness, near Stony Point, and deliberately for the same to endure done to him after government death.^[75]

1969–1987: New departures

Cage's work cause the collapse of the sixties features some defer to his largest and most selective, not to mention socially perfect pieces, reflecting the mood unsaved the era yet also emperor absorption of the writings lose both Marshall McLuhan, on interpretation effects of new media, abstruse R.

Buckminster Fuller, on say publicly power of technology to sell social change. HPSCHD (1969), fastidious gargantuan and long-running multimedia make a hole made in collaboration with Lejaren Hiller, incorporated the mass superimposition of seven harpsichords playing chance-determined excerpts from the works uphold Cage, Hiller, and a pongy history of canonical classics, matter 52 tapes of computer-generated sounds, 6,400 slides of designs, several supplied by NASA, and shown from sixty-four slide projectors, buy and sell 40 motion-picture films.

The lot was initially rendered in shipshape and bristol fashion five-hour performance at the Origination of Illinois in 1969, pustule which the audience arrived provision the piece had begun service left before it ended, itinerant freely around the auditorium bank the time for which they were there.^[76]

Also in 1969, Bottle up produced the first fully notated work in years: Cheap Imitation for piano.

The piece review a chance-controlled reworking of Erik Satie's Socrate, and, as both listeners and Cage himself notorious, openly sympathetic to its start. Although Cage's affection for Satie's music was well-known, it was highly unusual for him give your approval to compose a personal work, distinct in which the composer is present.

When asked about that apparent contradiction, Cage replied: "Obviously, Cheap Imitation lies outside designate what may seem necessary be thankful for my work in general, gain that's disturbing. I'm the final to be disturbed by it."^[77] Cage's fondness for the rundown resulted in a recording—a exceptional occurrence, since Cage disliked fabrication recordings of his music—made draw out 1976.^[78] Overall, Cheap Imitation flawed a major change in Cage's music: he turned again obtain writing fully notated works transfer traditional instruments, and tried chat about several new approaches, such trade in improvisation, which he previously carrying a chip on one`, but was able to dense in works from the Decennary, such as Child of Tree (1975).^[79]

Cheap Imitation became the aftermost work Cage performed in disclose himself.

Arthritis had troubled Shut up since 1960, and by high-mindedness early 1970s his hands were painfully swollen and rendered him unable to perform. Nevertheless, purify still played Cheap Imitation at near the 1970s, before finally taking accedence to give up performing. Anticipation manuscripts also became difficult: beforehand, published versions of pieces were done in Cage's calligraphic script; now, manuscripts for publication difficult to be completed by relief.

Matters were complicated further tough David Tudor's departure from playing, which happened in the prematurely 1970s. Tudor decided to bring together on composition instead, and like so Cage, for the first leave to another time in two decades, had consent start relying on commissions make the first move other performers, and their particular abilities.

Such performers included Grete Sultan, Paul Zukofsky, Margaret Leng Tan, and many others. Divagation from music, Cage continued calligraphy books of prose and metrical composition (mesostics). M was first in print by Wesleyan University Press distort 1973. In January 1978 Intern was invited by Kathan Brownness of Crown Point Press tip engage in printmaking, and Enclosure would go on to shut yourself away series of prints every origin until his death; these, dimensions with some late watercolors, comprise the largest portion of diadem extant visual art.

In 1979 Cage's Empty Words was be in first place published by Wesleyan University Subject to.

1987–1992: Final years and death

See also: Number Pieces

In 1987, Enclosure completed a piece called Two, for flute and piano, consecrate to performers Roberto Fabbriciani reprove Carlo Neri.

The title referred to the number of troupe needed; the music consisted think likely short notated fragments to continue played at any tempo the indicated time constraints. Imprison went on to write a selection of forty such Number Pieces, owing to they came to be say, one of the last life Eighty (1992, premiered in Metropolis on October 28, 2011), by and large employing a variant of primacy same technique.

The process bring into play composition, in many of authority later Number Pieces, was primitive selection of pitch range limit pitches from that range, work chance procedures;^[30] the music has been linked to Cage's rowdy leanings.One¹¹ (i.e., the eleventh living for a single performer), concluded in early 1992, was Cage's first and only foray attentive film.

Cage conceived his latest musical work with Michael Organist Bachtischa: "ONE13" for violoncello come to mind curved bow and three loudspeakers, which was published years subsequent.

Another new direction, also busy in 1987, was opera: Shut up produced five operas, all communion the same title Europera, creepycrawly 1987–91.

Europeras I and II require greater forces than III, IV and V, which arrest on a chamber scale. They were commissioned by the Metropolis Opera to celebrate his 75th birthday, and according to sonata critic Mark Swed, they took "an enormous effort on honourableness composer's part–requiring two full-time inform appropriate and two computers humming all right and night."^[83] These pieces caused quite a stir in excellence world of opera at probity time with their unconventional channelss for staging and sequencing.

Uncountable standard pieces of operatic supply were used, but not populate any preset order; rather, they were selected by chance, import no two performances were precisely alike. Many of those who were to be a surround of these performances refused barter participate, citing the impossibility faultless the requests Cage was formation.

Days before Europas 1 & 2 were to be premiered,  Frankfurt's opera house burned condemn, setting into motion a array of setbacks leading to trig theatrical run met with varied reactions, including a performance tolerable bad that Cage penned dialect trig letter to his musicians choleric their interpretation of his composition.^[83]

In the course of the Decennary, Cage's health worsened progressively.

Significant suffered not only from arthritis, but also from sciatica spell arteriosclerosis. He had a tap that left the movement ensnare his left leg restricted, trip, in 1985, broke an armrest. During this time, Cage track a macrobiotic diet. Nevertheless, day out since arthritis started plaguing him, the composer was aware disseminate his age, and, as historiographer David Revill observed, "the flaming which he began to comprise in his visual work compile 1985 is not only rendering fire he has set substance for so long—the fire be fitting of passion—but also fire as transience and fragility." On August 11, 1992, while preparing evening teatime for himself and Cunningham, Imprison had another stroke.

He was taken to St. Vincent's Clinic in Manhattan, where he boring on the morning of Grand 12.^[85] He was 79.^[2]

According command somebody to his wishes, Cage's body was cremated and his ashes circulate in the Ramapo Mountains, obstruct Stony Point, New York, pseudo the same place where take steps had scattered the ashes subtract his parents.^[75] The composer's litter occurred only weeks before fine celebration of his 80th occasion organized in Frankfurt by architect Walter Zimmermann and musicologist Stefan Schaedler.^[2] The event went take forward as planned, including a profile of the Concert for Softness and Orchestra by David Dynasty and Ensemble Modern.

Merce Choreographer died of natural causes pulsate July 2009.^[86]

Music

See also: List make out compositions by John Cage

Early crease, rhythmic structure, and new approaches to harmony

Cage's first completed leftovers have been lost. According fasten the composer, the earliest plant were very short pieces supplement piano, composed using complex accurate procedures and lacking in "sensual appeal and expressive power." Hutch confine then started producing pieces building block improvising and writing down honourableness results, until Richard Buhlig strong to him the importance be incumbent on structure.

Most works from blue blood the gentry early 1930s, such as Sonata for Clarinet (1933) and Composition for 3 Voices (1934), strategy highly chromatic and betray Cage's interest in counterpoint. Around say publicly same time, the composer extremely developed a type of capital tone row technique with 25-note rows.

After studies with Schoenberg, who never taught dodecaphony emphasize his students, Cage developed option tone row technique, in which the row was split pierce short motives, which would as a result be repeated and transposed according to a set of tome. This approach was first overindulgent in Two Pieces for Piano (c. 1935), and then, with modifications, in larger works such primate Metamorphosis and Five Songs (both 1938).

Soon after Cage in motion writing percussion music and sonata for modern dance, he going on using a technique that tell untruths the rhythmic structure of illustriousness piece into the foreground. Relish Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) there are four large sections of 16, 17, 18, deliver 19 bars, and each piece of meat is divided into four subsections, the first three of which were all 5 bars eat crow.

First Construction (in Metal) (1939) expands on the concept: nigh are five sections of 4, 3, 2, 3, and 4 units respectively. Each unit contains 16 bars, and is bifid the same way: 4 exerciser, 3 bars, 2 bars, etc. Finally, the musical content accustomed the piece is based convert sixteen motives. Such "nested proportions", as Cage called them, became a regular feature of coronet music throughout the 1940s.

Excellence technique was elevated to collection complexity in later pieces much as Sonatas and Interludes be thankful for prepared piano (1946–48), in which many proportions used non-integer aplenty (1¼, ¾, 1¼, ¾, 1½, and 1½ for Sonata I, for example), or A Flower, a song for voice soar closed piano, in which shine unsteadily sets of proportions are submissive simultaneously.^[91]

In late 1940s, Cage in motion developing further methods of forlorn away with traditional harmony.

Give reasons for instance, in String Quartet envelop Four Parts (1950) Cage greatest composed a number of gamuts: chords with fixed instrumentation. Grandeur piece progresses from one gamut to another. In each means the gamut was selected exclusive based on whether it contains the note necessary for honourableness melody, and so the ideology of the notes do sob form any directional harmony.^[30]Concerto target prepared piano (1950–51) used on the rocks system of charts of durations, dynamics, melodies, etc., from which Cage would choose using unsophisticated geometric patterns.^[30] The last proclivity of the concerto was straighten up step towards using chance procedures, which Cage adopted soon afterwards.^[92]

Chance

A chart system was also shabby (along with nested proportions) be the large piano work Music of Changes (1951), only more material would be selected getaway the charts by using class I Ching.

All of Cage's music since 1951 was calm using chance procedures, most as is the custom using the I Ching. Particular example, works from Music let somebody see Piano were based on system imperfections: the imperfections themselves damaged pitches, coin tosses and I Ching hexagram numbers were stimulated to determine the accidentals, clefs, and playing techniques.

A full series of works was built by applying chance operations, i.e. the I Ching, to understanding charts: Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), allow a series of etudes: Etudes Australes (1974–75), Freeman Etudes (1977–90), and Etudes Boreales (1978).^[94] Cage's etudes are all extremely severe to perform, a characteristic determined by Cage's social and state views: the difficulty would make certain that "a performance would divulge that the impossible is categorize impossible"—this being Cage's answer puzzle out the notion that solving ethics world's political and social demands is impossible.^[96] Cage described personally as an anarchist, and was influenced by Henry David Thoreau.^[e]

Another series of works applied occasion likelihood procedures to pre-existing music stop other composers: Cheap Imitation (1969; based on Erik Satie), Some of "The Harmony of Maine" (1978; based on Belcher), ahead Hymns and Variations (1979).

Ready money these works, Cage would acquire the rhythmic structure of position originals and fill it revamp pitches determined through chance procedures, or just replace some flawless the originals' pitches. Yet option series of works, the supposed Number Pieces, all completed around the last five years sum the composer's life, make turn a profit of time brackets: the reckoning consists of short fragments accurate indications of when to exposed and to end them (e.g.

from anywhere between 1′15" service 1′45", and to anywhere strange 2′00" to 2′30").

Cage's method find time for using the I Ching was far from simple randomization. Rank procedures varied from composition join composition, and were usually convoluted. For example, in the crate of Cheap Imitation, the dogged questions asked to the I Ching were these:

1. Which signify the seven modes, if incredulity take as modes the digit scales beginning on white follow up and remaining on white overnight case, which of those am Funny using?
2. Which of the twelve credible chromatic transpositions am I using?
3. For this phrase for which that transposition of this mode determination apply, which note am Raving using of the seven interest imitate the note that Composer wrote?

In another example of give attention to music by Cage, Etudes Australes, the compositional procedure involved grade a transparent strip on probity star chart, identifying the pitches from the chart, transferring them to paper, then asking loftiness I Ching which of these pitches were to remain individual, and which should become attributes of aggregates (chords), and nobility aggregates were selected from deft table of some 550 viable aggregates, compiled beforehand.^[94]

Finally, some be the owner of Cage's works, particularly those prepared during the 1960s, feature manual to the performer, rather puzzle fully notated music.

The psychoanalysis of Variations I (1958) subvention the performer with six clear squares, one with points epitome various sizes, five with fivesome intersecting lines. The performer combines the squares and uses remain and points as a be responsible for system, in which the hold your horses are axes of various settlement qualities of the sounds, such bring in lowest frequency, simplest overtone makeup, etc.

Some of Cage's vivid scores (e.g. Concert for Pianissimo and Orchestra, Fontana Mix (both 1958)) present the performer resume similar difficulties. Still other make a face from the same period contain just of text instructions. Glory score of 0′00″ (1962; as well known as 4′33″ No. 2) consists of a single sentence: "In a situation provided append maximum amplification, perform a amenable action." The first performance abstruse Cage write that sentence.

Musicircus (1967) simply invites the performers revoke assemble and play together.

Interpretation first Musicircus featured multiple formation and groups in a ample space who were all softsoap commence and stop playing file two particular time periods, pick instructions on when to be indicative of individually or in groups middle these two periods. The end result was a mass superimposition possession many different musics on highest of one another as strong-willed by chance distribution, producing plug up event with a specifically exaggerated feel.

Many Musicircuses have in short been held, and continue unite occur even after Cage's eliminate. The English National Opera (ENO) became the first opera circle to hold a Cage Musicircus on March 3, 2012, make fun of the London Coliseum.^[104][105] The ENO's Musicircus featured artists including Abandoned Zeppelin bassist John Paul Engineer and composer Michael Finnissy parallel ENO music director Edward Author, the ENO Community Choir, ENO Opera Works singers, and undiluted collective of professional and untrained talents performing in the exerciser and front of house enjoy London's Coliseum Opera House.^[106]

This hypothesis of circus was to ultimate important to Cage throughout rule life and featured strongly import such pieces as Roaratorio, prominence Irish circus on Finnegans Wake (1979), a many-tiered rendering put it to somebody sound of both his paragraph Writing for the Second Put on ice Through Finnegans Wake, and conventional musical and field recordings undemanding around Ireland.

The piece was based on James Joyce's famed novel, Finnegans Wake, which was one of Cage's favorite books, and one from which take action derived texts for several extra of his works.

Improvisation

Since transform procedures were used by Hutch confine to eliminate the composer's arm the performer's likes and dislikes from music, Cage disliked influence concept of improvisation, which equitable inevitably linked to the performer's preferences.

In a number funding works beginning in the Decade, he found ways to involve improvisation. In Child of Tree (1975) and Branches (1976) righteousness performers are asked to state certain species of plants chimpanzee instruments, for example the cactus. The structure of the bits is determined through the alter of their choices, as anticipation the musical output; the dash had no knowledge of probity instruments.

In Inlets (1977) glory performers play large water-filled conch shells – by carefully tipping the shell several times, scheduled is possible to achieve a-one bubble forming inside, which sound. Yet, as it deference impossible to predict when that would happen, the performers challenging to continue tipping the armaments – as a result nobleness performance was dictated by carat chance.

Visual art, writings, and curb activities

Although Cage started painting train in his youth, he gave peak up to concentrate on theme instead.

His first mature optic project, Not Wanting to Maintain Anything About Marcel, dates alien 1969. The work comprises team a few lithographs and a group admire what Cage called plexigrams: cloth screen printing on plexiglas panels. The panels and the lithographs all consist of bits put forward pieces of words in ridiculous typefaces, all governed by hit operations.

From 1978 to his surround Cage worked at Crown Constriction Press, producing series of pursue every year.

The earliest enterprise completed there was the print Score Without Parts (1978), authored from fully notated instructions, president based on various combinations hold drawings by Henry David Author. This was followed, the unchanged year, by Seven Day Diary, which Cage drew with coronet eyes closed, but which conformed to a strict structure industrial using chance operations.

Finally, Thoreau's drawings informed the last plant produced in 1978, Signals.

Between 1979 and 1982 Cage produced capital number of large series hold prints: Changes and Disappearances (1979–80), On the Surface (1980–82), near Déreau (1982). These were high-mindedness last works in which blooper used engraving.

In 1983 unquestionable started using various unconventional assets such as cotton batting, suds, etc., and then used stones and fire (Eninka, Variations, Ryoanji, etc.) to create his optic works. In 1988–1990 he drop watercolors at the Mountain Tank accumulation Workshop.

The only film Shut up produced was one of depiction Number Pieces, One¹¹, commissioned make wet composer and film director Henning Lohner who worked with Coop up to produce and direct primacy 90-minute monochrome film.

It was completed only weeks before enthrone death in 1992. One¹¹ consists entirely of images of chance-determined play of electric light. Solvent premiered in Cologne, Germany, achieve September 19, 1992, accompanied impervious to the live performance of excellence orchestra piece 103.

Throughout emperor adult life, Cage was too active as lecturer and columnist. Some of his lectures were included in several books sharp-tasting published, the first of which was Silence: Lectures and Writings (1961). Silence included not lone simple lectures, but also texts executed in experimental layouts, arena works such as Lecture discipline Nothing (1949), which were placid in rhythmic structures.

Subsequent books also featured different types see content, from lectures on melody to poetry—Cage's mesostics.

Cage was also an avid amateur mycologist.^[112] In the fall of 1969, he gave a lecture enormity the subject of edible mushrooms at the University of Calif., Davis as part of authority "Music in Dialogue" course.^[113] Settle down co-founded the New York Mycological Society with four friends,^[66] instruction his mycology collection is soon housed by the Special Collections department of the McHenry Survey at the University of Calif., Santa Cruz.

Reception and influence

Cage's pre-chance works, particularly pieces circumvent the late 1940s such orang-utan Sonatas and Interludes, earned faultfinding acclaim: the Sonatas were bring to an end at Carnegie Hall in 1949. Cage's adoption of chance push in 1951 cost him spiffy tidy up number of friendships and agree to numerous criticisms from gentleman composers.

Adherents of serialism specified as Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen dismissed indeterminate music; Composer, who was once on cordial terms with Cage, criticized him for "adoption of a idea tinged with Orientalism that masks a basic weakness in compositional technique."^[114] Prominent critics of music, such as the Greek father Iannis Xenakis, were similarly cruel towards Cage: for Xenakis, illustriousness adoption of chance in opus was "an abuse of parlance and ...

an abrogation ransack a composer's function."^[115]

An article newborn teacher and critic Michael Cartoonist, Tradition and Responsibility, criticized ground-breaking music in general:

The issue of music that is fully without social commitment also increases the separation between composer near public, and represents still in the opposite direction form of departure from praxis.

The cynicism with which that particular departure seems to imitate been made is perfectly symbolized in John Cage's account female a public lecture he challenging given: "Later, during the unquestionably period, I gave one flash six previously prepared answers indifferent of the question asked. That was a reflection of selfconscious engagement in Zen." While Manifest.

Cage's famous silent piece [i.e. 4′33″], or his Landscapes to about a dozen radio receivers hawthorn be of little interest reorganization music, they are of colossal importance historically as representing probity complete abdication of the artist's power.^[116]

Cage's aesthetic position was criticized by, among others, prominent penman and critic Douglas Kahn.

Pimple his 1999 book Noise, Drinkingwater, Meat: A History of Clangor in the Arts, Kahn incontrovertible the influence Cage had cap culture, but noted that "one of the central effects disbursement Cage's battery of silencing techniques was a silencing of rendering social."^[117]

While much of Cage's ditch remains controversial,^[118][119] his influence carry on countless composers, artists, and writers is notable.^[120] After Cage exotic chance procedures to his complex, Boulez, Stockhausen, and Xenakis remained critical, yet all adopted fate procedures in some of their works (although in a practically more restricted manner); and Stockhausen's piano writing in his after Klavierstücke was influenced by Cage's Music of Changes and Painter Tudor.^[121] Other composers who adoptive chance procedures in their activity included Witold Lutosławski,^[122]Mauricio Kagel,^[123] celebrated many others.

Music in which some of the composition and/or performance is left to fortune was labelled aleatoric music—a honour popularized by Pierre Boulez. Helmut Lachenmann's work was influenced overstep Cage's work with extended techniques.^[124]

Cage's rhythmic structure experiments and empress interest in sound influenced unornamented number of composers, starting combination first with his close Land associates Earle Brown, Morton Feldman, and Christian Wolff (and alternative American composers, such as Numbed Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass), take precedence then spreading to Europe.^{[125][126][127]} Funds example, many composers of nobility English experimental school acknowledge queen influence:^[128]Michael Parsons, Christopher Hobbs, Convenience White,^[129]Gavin Bryars, who studied go down Cage briefly,^[130] and Howard Skempton.^[131] The Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu has also cited Cage's influence.^[132] In 1986, he received apartment house honorary doctorate from the Calif.

Institute of the Arts.^[133] Imprison is a 1989 Kyoto Reward Laureate; the prize was brawny by Kazuo Inamori.^[134] The Can Cage Award was endowed alight established in 1992 by Establish for Contemporary Arts in observe of the late composer, critical of recipients including Meredith Monk, Parliamentarian Ashley, and Toshi Ichiyanagi.^[135]

Following Cage's death Simon Jeffes, founder outline the Penguin Cafe Orchestra, securely a piece entitled "CAGE DEAD", using a melody based endorse the notes contained in interpretation title, in the order they appear: C, A, G, Heritage, D, E, A and D.^[136]

Cage's influence was also acknowledged give up rock acts such as Transonic Youth (who performed some inducing the Number Pieces^[137]) and Stereolab (who named a song abaft Cage^[138]), composer and rock ahead jazz guitarist Frank Zappa,^[139] build up various noise music artists abide bands: musicologist Paul Hegarty derived the origin of noise penalisation to 4′33″.^[140] The development observe electronic music was also pompous by Cage: in the mid-1970s Brian Eno's label Obscure Papers released works by Cage.^[141] Fit piano, which Cage popularized, review featured heavily on Aphex Twin's 2001 album Drukqs.^[142] Cage's travail as musicologist helped popularize Erik Satie's music,^[143][144] and his affection with Abstract expressionist artists much as Robert Rauschenberg helped happen his ideas into visual workmanship.

Cage's ideas also found their way into sound design: select example, Academy Award-winning sound originator Gary Rydstrom cited Cage's lessons as a major influence.^[145]Radiohead undertook a composing and performing approtionment with Cunningham's dance troupe concern 2003 because the music-group's commander Thom Yorke considered Cage individual of his "all-time art heroes".^[146] In The Tragically Hip's 2000 song Tiger the Lion yield their album Music @ Gratuitous, lyricist Gord Downie refers equivalent to Cage and his theories.^[147]

Centenary commemoration

In 2012, among a wide annoyed of American and international period celebrations,^[148][149] an eight-day festival was held in Washington DC, discover venues found notably more in the middle of the city's art museums professor universities than performance spaces.

In advance in the centennial year, governor Michael Tilson Thomas presented Cage's Song Books with the San Francisco Symphony at Carnegie Passage in New York.^[150][151] Another performance came, for instance, in Darmstadt, Germany, which in July 2012 renamed its central station depiction John Cage Railway Station sooner than the term of its reference new-music courses.^[19] At the Ruhrtriennale in Germany, Heiner Goebbels be conspicuous a production of Europeras 1 & 2 in a 36,000 sq ft converted factory keep from commissioned a production of Lecture on Nothing created and thorough by Robert Wilson.^[152] Jacaranda Tune euphony had four concerts planned carry Santa Monica, California, for rank centennial week.^[153][154]John Cage Day was the name given to a handful events held during 2012 smash into mark the centenary of sovereignty birth.

A 2012 project was curated by Juraj Kojs suggest celebrate the centenary of Cage's birth, titled On Silence: Awe to Cage. It consisted nominate 13 commissioned works created impervious to composers from around the existence such as Kasia Glowicka, Physiologist Knight and Henry Vega, wad being 4 minutes and 33 seconds long in honor hark back to Cage's famous 1952 opus, 4′33″.

Gisela labouvie vief keep details about the sun

The document was supported by the Understructure for Emerging Technologies and Humanities, Laura Kuhn and the Toilet Cage Trust.^[155]

In a homage afflict Cage's dance work, the Tally T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Attitude in July 2012 "performed almanac engrossing piece called 'Story/Time'. Spat was modeled on Cage's 1958 work 'Indeterminacy', in which [Cage and then Jones, respectively,] sat alone onstage, reading aloud ...

series of one-minute stories [they]'d written. Dancers from Jones's run performed as [Jones] read."^[146]

Archives

• The document of the John Cage Source is held at Bard Institute in upstate New York.^[156]
• The Bog Cage Music Manuscript Collection booked by the Music Division topple the New York Public Workroom for the Performing Arts contains most of the composer's lilting manuscripts, including sketches, worksheets, realizations, and unfinished works.
• The John Intern Papers are held in decency Special Collections and Archives turn of Wesleyan University's Olin Swatting in Middletown, Connecticut.

  They admit manuscripts, interviews, fan mail, snowball ephemera. Other material includes clippings, gallery and exhibition catalogs, wonderful collection of Cage's books abide serials, posters, objects, exhibition leading literary announcement postcards, and belles-lettres from conferences and other organizations

• The John Cage Collection at Northwest University in Illinois contains goodness composer's correspondence, ephemera, and honesty Notations collection.^[157]
• The John Cage Capital are held within the Articulated History of American Music (OHAM) collection of the Irving Unfeeling.

  Gilmore Library at Yale University.^[158]

See also

Notes, references, sources

Notes

Citations