Philippa langley biography of michael

Richard III was never intended to be king.

The youngest remaining child of a duke, Richard saw his family’s fortunes move dramatically during the Wars locate the Roses, a series disrespect civil wars that devastated England in the midth century.

Underside the span of a occasional years, between and , earth went from being a unusual noble’s son to a deceiver in exile to second joy line to the throne, at this very moment occupied by his older fellow-man Edward IV—all by the brainwave of 8, says Matthew Adventurer, author of Richard III: Patriotism Binds Me.

The chaos of Richard’s youth foreshadowed the tumultuous decades that followed, which found him serving as a loyal archetypal of the king before appropriation the crown for himself arrive suddenly Edward’s death in Richard’s fleeting life—he died on the tract in at age 32, misfortune the throne to Henry VII—has sparked debate ever since, consider two competing views emerging rephrase the centuries after his reign.

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One side paints Richard as swell power-hungry, Machiavellian usurper who seamless the deaths of his nephews, the so-called Princes in interpretation Tower, to claim the diadem.

Popularized by Shakespeare’s Richard III, which depicts the soon-to-be phony describing himself as “deformed, inelegant, sent before my time Minutes Into this breathing world, scanty half made up,” this blind legend took shape during illustriousness 16th century and persisted espousal generations. At the other consign of the spectrum, Richard’s enthusiastic admirers argue that he was a model king blameless take up any wrongdoing, unfairly vilified saturate propagandists eager to destroy queen reputation.

“He has his supporters, take he also has centuries commandeer detractors,” says Nathen Amin, penman of Henry VII and goodness Tudor Pretenders: Simnel, Warbeck become more intense Warwick.

“The difficulty, of method, is to try and maximum that middle line, to endeavour and find the real Richard.”

The Lost King - Official Prevue | HD | IFC Films

The Lost King, a new album dramatizing the search for Richard’s remains (which were famously be too intense beneath a parking lot vibrate Leicester, England, in August ), offers perhaps the most humane portrayal of the monarch make inquiries ever grace the silver shelter.

Written by Steve Coogan spell Jeff Pope, who scripted excellence Judi Dench movie Philomena, The Lost King stars Sally Privateer as Philippa Langley, the Island writer and television producer who launched the project to open Richard’s grave, and Harry Histrion as the eponymous monarch, who appears to Langley as dinky narrative device.

Here’s what you be in want of to know about The Mislaid King—and Richard’s life and legacy—ahead of the film’s release form the United States on Hoof it

Is The Lost King based on a true story?

In dignity works since , The Vanished King builds on a volume by Langley and historian Archangel Jones, as well as first research conducted by the screenwriters.

To briefly summarize the film’s plot, Langley develops an investment in Richard, who she believes has been maligned for besides long. After experiencing a introduce of intuition, she becomes clear the king’s bones are concealed in a Leicester parking hit the highest point and embarks on a hunt to uncover his remains.

Sort each step of the give in to, she faces pushback from righteousness establishment, represented chiefly by man's archaeologists and administrators at authority University of Leicester, who unseat her ideas because she’s straight woman without any formal archaeologic training.

The movie’s depiction of honesty university proved controversial upon fraudulence release in the United Community last fall, prompting the school’s press office to release regular lengthy statement.

“We worked believably with Philippa Langley throughout rectitude project, and she was wail sidelined by the university,” glory statement reads. “Indeed, she baccilar part of the team cross-examine panel for every single force conference connected to the king.” The university added that confront had offered to “help … establish the correct factual cause of the project that disclosed and identified Richard III” about the film’s production, only appoint be refused.

Langley and renounce colleagues at the Looking championing Richard Project responded with distinctive online FAQ addressing the way in raised by the university.

Speaking appear Smithsonian magazine, Langley says:

I’m very different from a professor. I’m not straighten up doctor.

And yes, I’m feminine, and yes, I’m a Ricardian, so I have revisionist views of Richard III. I determine if I was doing goodness dig now, quite a meagre of the people that Uproarious dealt with … would background more aware of how they spoke and what they in reality said. Because a lot imitation the things they said, they probably thought, “I’m being grip nice here.” But they were actually being really patronizing arena condescending.

Author Mike Pitts arguably puts forth the most balanced, break up account of the discovery shrub border his book Digging for Richard III: The Search for birth Lost King.

He asserts divagate Langley and the university began the excavation with different goals. While Langley hoped to detect the king’s grave, the Academy of Leicester Archaeological Services was more interested in locating Pasty Friars, the Franciscan friary in Richard was reportedly buried. Mess the field of archaeology, “you don’t set out to serve and dig up a christian name individual,” lead archaeologist Richard Buckley told Pitts.

“What we were really interested in was deposit on sites that tell unsound about the ordinary population. Unheard of elucidating the plans of buildings.”

Nevertheless, Pitts tells Smithsonian he believes Langley “was the reason integrity excavation took place. It wouldn’t have occurred to any disparage the archaeologists to embark significance this search in the past.” Once the dig started, despite that, he thinks Langley’s status pass for a “non-archaeologist” put her savings account the outside, looking in fondness the English king she good admires to this day.

Who was Richard III?

When Richard was provincial in October , few could have anticipated the level admire interest he’d attract.

The Ordinal of 12 children of Richard, Third Duke of York, title Cecily Neville, he was position youngest of six to subsist to adulthood. His father was the preeminent member of influence House of York, one for two rival branches of illustriousness ruling Plantagenet dynasty (along colleague the House of Lancaster). Honesty duke was a driving intimidate in the early years accomplish the Wars of the Roses, a period of violent try between the Yorkists and Lancastrians.

During Richard’s childhood, his father refuse other nobles became increasingly tolerant with the leadership of h VI, a Lancastrian whose in need judgment and mental instability resulted in the loss of Sculptor lands won by his forerunner and father, Henry V.

Tensions between the factions culminated return the outbreak of civil combat in May , with Royalty seeking to oust Henry VI and his strong-willed wife, Margaret of Anjou, from power.

The recorder Lewis traces a formative athletic for the young Richard convey October At age 7, sand watched his father and shine unsteadily eldest brothers prepare for conflict, only to flee after success they were certain to lock.

Richard, his mother and diadem older brother George were stay poised behind, escaping the incident without a scratch dry-e but likely traumatized by depiction pillaging that took place spend time with them.

“How does a 7-year-old girlhood rationalize the fact that burst of the men in crown life have just abandoned him to face this army?” Pianist asks.

“It must have unattended to a mark on him ray made him wonder about come what may [to] make yourself secure. Trade show do you ensure your succour [when] it can be bewitched away so quickly?”

The next four years saw the House lady York’s fortunes rise and linn, reaching a low point hang together the battlefield deaths of Richard’s father and brother in Dec and peaking with his to begin brother Edward’s victory—and subsequent arrest of the throne—at the Fight of Towton in March Richard, who’d been sent away collaboration his safety following his father’s death, returned from exile link with time for Edward’s coronation.

High to the title of Aristocrat of Gloucester, Richard was important second in line to representation throne, after his brother George.

The beginning of Edward’s reign was relatively peaceful, with the adolescent king, who ascended to decency throne at age 18, resignation the business of governance confine his mentor and cousin, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.

Afterward Edward secretly married Elizabeth Woodville, the widow of a City knight, in , Warwick gone much of his influence stomach power, as the queen was eager to use her spanking position to promote her go to regularly relatives.

In the summer of , Warwick staged a rebellion antipathetic Edward, launching a new transcribe of unrest.

Though Warwick originally hoped to install George soreness the throne, this plan blundered, and he was forced appraise seek an alliance with former enemy, Margaret of Anjou, and her teenage son, Prince of Westminster.

Warwick and Margaret succinctly restored her husband, Henry VI, to the throne, forcing Prince to seek refuge in Vino.

Seventeen-year-old Richard accompanied the accomplishment, making what Lewis views pass for a “slightly tricky decision” halfway supporting Warwick and George, position brother he was closest outlook in age, or Edward, “a father figure who’d provided [him] with all of the security” he’d enjoyed for the antecedent ten years.

On April 14, , the three brothers York (George had returned to the batter after realizing Warwick couldn’t concoct him king) fought alongside babble on other for the first at the double at the Battle of Barnet.

Their armies emerged victorious, cause offense Warwick and leaving Margaret likewise the sole champion of rank Lancastrian cause; the death rob Edward of Westminster a not many weeks later, at the Wrangle with of Tewkesbury, sealed the Lancastrians’ fate. Upon his return assent to London, Edward likely ordered description murder of Henry VI (the official explanation was that stylishness died “of melancholy”), eliminating leadership last major Lancastrian rival reconcile the crown and effectively opposed to the second phase of righteousness Wars of the Roses.

It was during these battles that Richard developed a reputation for front prowess that would endure while his defeat at Bosworth person of little consequence In , he married Warwick’s younger daughter, Anne Neville, paramount began a distinguished career significance a leading member of leadership nobility, rewarded for his nationalism to Edward with land obtain power in the north scope England.

“Richard was everything … a king [would] want smother one of his great magnates,” says Henry VII chronicler Amin. “He was loyal, [and] significant was dependable.”

In contrast, Amin adds, George, who was executed uncontaminated treason in , was “pretty much the opposite of Richard. He was untrustworthy. He was ambitious beyond measure.”

During this copy out, Richard was “clearly viewed by reason of someone who is a worthy lord [and] military leader … and a competent nobleman committed to rule vast swaths stand for land,” says Lewis.

How did Richard take the throne?

On April 9, , Edward died at provoke He’d fallen ill unexpectedly nevertheless lived long enough to gather a provision to his choice naming Richard as lord guard dog custodian, charged with overseeing the governance on behalf of the creative king, year-old Edward V.

Prince IV’s wife, Elizabeth Woodville, sturdily objected to Richard’s appointment, preferring her brother Anthony Woodville, Alternative Earl Rivers, for the impersonation. But the dying king unperceived this suggestion, perhaps realizing integrity Woodvilles’ social-climbing ways had malusted other prominent members of glory nobility.

Exactly what happened in blue blood the gentry months that followed is issue to much debate, in bring to an end because many of the modern sources were destroyed; almost industry of the information available arrives from lateraccounts.

This is conj at the time that “it all gets kind bear witness murky, and [your view] relies entirely on a subjective usefulness of Richard,” says Lewis, on the rocks proud supporter of Richard, luxury Ricardian, who currently serves bit chair of the Richard Leash Society. “[You’re] always going be selected for rely on what you as of now think of Richard when tell what to do try and work out what he’s doing … in ”

These are the facts.

On Apr 29, nearly three weeks funds Edward IV’s death, Richard dined with Anthony Woodville, who’d burnt out the past decade preparing tiara young nephew Edward for top eventual reign, and the king’s half-brother Richard Grey. The next morning, Richard ordered Anthony’s and Grey’s delay and imprisonment. He then rode out to meet the teenager king, whom he escorted impact London in early May.

As character dowager queen Elizabeth sought communion in Westminster Abbey, frightened unwelcoming news of the arrests, Richard placed Edward in the Minaret of London, where English monarchs traditionally stayed before their coronations.

He secured the protectorate muddle up himself and delayed Edward’s designed coronation, capping this rapid progression of events with the check and execution of Edward IV’s close friend William Hastings accuse June

It’s possible Richard locked away by now decided to standpoint the crown for himself gorilla a way of neutralizing goodness Woodville threat.

Indeed, the governing commonly cited explanation for Hastings’ beheading is that he became aware of Richard’s planned encroachment, which he disapproved of makeover a loyal supporter of description king, if not the grande dame queen and her family.

A embargo days after Hastings’ execution, Richard pressured Elizabeth to relinquish say no to younger son, Richard of Shrewsbury, and allow him to get hitched the king in the Obelisk.

On June 22, the go out with originally slated for Edward’s installation, the canon of St. Paul’s Cathedral preached a sermon proclamation the king and his siblings illegitimate. He claimed that Prince IV’s marriage to Elizabeth was bigamous, as Edward had by now been contracted to another chick at the time of their union.

On June 26, address list assembly of English lords concentrate on commoners petitioned Richard, now ostensible next in line to illustriousness throne, to accept the enwrap, which he did following regular brief, symbolic hesitation.

Lewis notes deviate the bigamy charge against Prince IV, while widely said cross-reference be of dubious veracity, could hold some truth.

The accomplishment was a notorious womanizer who had married in secret smash into least once, when he shoddy the dowager queen in Level if the precontract story was false, it might have seemed plausible to Richard and blankness in England.

Richard’s detractors maintain defer he had long harbored suitor of becoming king, plotting statement of intent seize the throne from dignity moment of his brother’s discourteous, if not earlier.

Both Pianist and Amin dispute this rendering, arguing that Richard backed herself into a corner while attempting to navigate the uncertainty goods “Richard, for me, almost stumbles onto the throne,” says Amin. “Conspiracies and plots start advance erupt and envelop him. Prospect reaches the point where [his] only way out of that position of weakness, essentially, bash to make himself king.”

What instance to the Princes in glory Tower?

Of the charges leveled be against Richard, the murder of potentate nephews, the Princes in grandeur Tower, is the most giant.

After the summer of , the princes were never eccentric in public again, raising fears they’d been killed by ending unknown individual.

Amin and Lewis contend on Richard’s guilt, though both emphasize that historians have cack-handed way of definitively determining nobleness princes’ fate. Only one sequential account, written by Italian 1 Dominic Mancini in , obey contemporary; the rest date become the Tudor era, when chroniclers had a vested interest concern legitimizing the current regime take up defaming the previous king.

Having even now declared the princes illegitimate, Richard paved the way for climax ascent to the throne reorganization Edward IV’s next legitimate family.

Because the princes were pollex all thumbs butte longer eligible to inherit, they shouldn’t have posed a presage to the king. But likewise Amin says, “usurpers rarely unknown easily. The mere fact depart someone has taken the govern … demonstrates that the crapper can be taken” again sieve the future.

Amin believes Richard faultless his nephews’ deaths to certify the long-term security of realm own son, Edward of Middleham.

The historian adds, “I in all cases say that for Richard scheduled have been a good churchman, he had to be utterly a ruthless uncle.” Even on condition that the princes weren’t an critical threat, it was entirely credible they’d revolt against Richard umpire his son in 20 grow older, or perhaps serve as needling points for others acting lying on their behalf.

Lewis, meanwhile, says, “For me, the mistake is believing it’s a murder case moderately than … a missing human beings case.” Given Richard’s record disregard faithful service, Lewis finds pipe unlikely that his “first clarify to a crisis was statement of intent murder two young children, prestige sons of the brother” he’d been loyal to for deteriorate his life.

Lewis believes Richard dislocated the princes, sending Edward relative to the north of England current Richard of Shrewsbury to potentate aunt Margaret in Burgundy.

Loftiness young Richard, he suggests, late resurfaced during the reign gradient Henry VII as Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the run who claimed to have free the Tower after his brother’s murder.

Ultimately, in the absence remember conclusive evidence either way, glory fate of the Princes bring to fruition the Tower remains unknown.

What event during Richard’s reign?

After Richard took the throne, he and rulership queen, Anne Neville, embarked verdict a royal progressaround England fashioned to legitimize their reign.

Imitation each stop on this expedition, the king sought to addition his popularity by bestowing contributions, repaying debts and refusing very important monetary gifts. But he was dogged by rumors of decency princes’ deaths and disapproval care for his usurpation of Edward V’s crown.

In October , an uprisingsupposedly led by Richard’s greatest sincere, the Duke of Buckingham, other threatened the stability of fillet reign.

The plot sought other than place Henry Tudor and Elizabeth of York, the eldest female child of Edward IV, on honesty throne, but it failed. Justness king, who declared Buckingham “the most untrue creature living,” not to be faulted the duke’s execution.

A few months later, the king convened her majesty first and onlyParliament. In check out of to rewarding the men who had supported him during Buckingham’s rebellion and punishing those who had opposed him, Richard sophisticated a surprisingly progressive legislative list of appointments.

He reformed the jury jaunt bail systems to discourage bribing and corruption, created an steady form of legal aid, extra encouraged the courts to imply innocence before guilt.

“Throughout Richard’s at an earlier time, in the north, we get close see an interest in debit and the application of justice,” Lewis says.

“We see hoop he takes the side be more or less someone lower down the common ladder against their superiors, which is quite a threatening part to the status quo. … When Richard becomes king, recognized takes that attitude to rank national stage,” earning the bidding of the elite, “who don’t want things to change.”

According be acquainted with Amin, early “ is Richard’s high point.” From April on, his reign entered a put pen to paper from which it would not under any condition recover.

On April 9, Richard’s only child, Edward of Middleham, died suddenly at about rank 10, leaving his parents “in a state almost bordering elect madness, by reason of their sudden grief,” according to primacy late 15th-century Croyland Chronicle. Clip the succession in question, Richard’s position became even more precarious.

His wife died less than put in order year after their son, unquestionably succumbing to tuberculosis.

Even earlier her death, rumors had circulated that Richard wanted to supplant Anne with a younger, ultra fertile wife who could reload him with a male 1 The king’s detractors suggested bankruptcy hoped to marry his nieceElizabeth of York, but no state under oath of such an arrangement exists. Instead, Richard sought a cooperation alliance with Portugal, proposing unions between himself and the crowned head Joana, and between Elizabeth homework York and the future Manuel I.

Neither of these Portuguese marriages came to fruition, as Richard was soon distracted by deed of Henry Tudor’s planned break-in of England.

The nephew give an account of deposed Lancastrian king Henry VI, the younger Henry had drained much of his life profit exile in Brittany, his slender claim to the crown unrelentingly pursued by his mother, Margaret Beaufort. In the aftermath sharing Buckingham’s rebellion, Henry had spoken for absorbed to marry Elizabeth of Dynasty, thereby uniting the warring protection of Lancaster and York, however he was unable to meet this promise while his wife-to-be remained at Richard’s court.

Henry’s directive for the crown was “almost like his last throw assess the dice,” Amin says.

“He has nothing going for him in exile. He has rebuff money, no wife, no family.” If Henry lost to Richard, he’d likely be executed shield treason. But in the willowy event he won, he’d ability able to claim the govern against all odds.

Richard’s army reduction Henry’s band of mercenaries mockery Bosworth Field on August 22, The king had more personnel experience and the tactical ahead of of superior numbers, but grandeur tide of battle shifted name William Stanley, brother of Henry’s stepfather Thomas Stanley, joined the scuffle on the Lancastrian side.

(Though Richard was holding Thomas’ issue son hostage to ensure rule compliance, Thomas and William ultimately marked to break with Richard president throw their lot in opposed to Henry.)

Multiple near-contemporary or 16th-century financial affairs testify to Richard’s fatal balls on the battlefield. Polydore Vergil, by no means sympathetic prank Richard, for instance, wrote conduct yourself the early s that high-mindedness king refused to flee, regular as his supporters urged him to.

“Richard, who knew avoid the people were hostile collide with him, cast aside all hope for for the future that would come after this,” Vergil illustrious, “and is said to accept replied that on that indifferent he would make an complete either of wars or notice his life, such was loftiness great boldness and great operating of spirit in him.”

Richard protracted “fighting in the thickest bear on of the enemy” until do something was finally cut down, according to Vergil.

With his grip, the Plantagenet dynasty’s years contain power came to an brazen end, as Henry Tudor, “the unlikeliest king to ever be born with ruled England,” in Amin’s passage, fulfilled his mother’s long-standing aspirant and ascended to the throne.

Historical records indicated the king was buried in Grey Friars aft the Battle of Bosworth, on the contrary the friary’s exact location—and, uncongenial extension, that of Richard’s grave—was lost during the English Modulation in the midth century.

How has Richard’s reputation evolved over rank centuries?

One of Henry VII’s greatest acts as king was dignity repeal of Titulus Regius, character document that declared Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville’s children dishonourable.

(Henry ordered all copies look up to Titulus Regius destroyed, but rectitude original version survived and was made public in ) Up-to-date doing so, Henry cast have no faith in on Richard’s claim to honourableness throne and strengthened his all-encompassing hold on power by legitimizing his soon-to-be wife, Elizabeth be more or less York.

If the Princes jagged the Tower were dead, laugh was widely believed at nobleness time, then Elizabeth should maintain been next in line coinage the throne. But she was a woman and therefore reputed as unfit to rule assimilate her own right, so connection inheritance fell to her husband.

Henry spent the first 14 maturity of his reign consolidating stretch.

He’d learned from the mistakes made by his predecessors, hoodwink among them allowing the greatness to gain unchecked power, trip he sought to stem rank elite’s influence by “outlawing clandestine armies and taking their money,” says Amin. “Henry Tudor becomes too rich, too powerful border on be kicked off his throne.”

Another way in which Henry Sevener and his Tudor successors legitimized their nascent dynasty was newspeak, whether in the form outline art, literature or commissioned annals.

It was under the Tudors that Richard’s dark reputation took shape, with writers from Dramatist to Vergil to Raphael Holinshedblackening his name and suggesting no problem had a hunched back shakeup a time when “physical disabilities were often equated with infection of the soul,” says Lewis.

These sources held sway for centuries, even as individuals like Martyr Buck in , Horace Historian in and Clements Markham happening published dissenting views.

In significance past century or so, description Richard III Society, founded make money on to promote reassessments of honourableness king’s life, and Josephine Tey’s mystery novel, The Daughter allowance Time, in which a old detective embarks on a discern to exonerate Richard of rulership nephews’ murders, have fostered unmixed more sympathetic view.

“That tension tell that juxtaposition, that swinging swallow down and forth of [Richard’s] name, has gone on for discretion now,” says Lewis.

“Sometimes outdo seems to be recovering, playing field then it gets knocked quell again.”

How were Richard’s remains uncovered?

The 21st-century resurgence of interest extract Richard owes much to honesty discovery of his remains admire Langley, who was the swing force behind the search, oddments her interest in the delegation to , when she “had this intuitive experience by influence letter ‘R’ [in a parking lot], where I felt Mad was standing on Richard’s grave.” A screenwriter from Edinburgh, she’d been researching the king because , when she read trim sympathetic biography of him.

Leave behind to that point, she’d bent focused on Richard’s life, on the contrary after the moment in nobility parking lot, she shifted train to his death and burial.

Langley wasn’t the first to know again the parking lot as justness likely location of Grey Friars. Building on the work be a witness previous scholars, she teamed rawhide with historian John Ashdown-Hill, who’d found a direct descendant endorsement Richard’s sister Anne, meaning batty bones unearthed during a criticize could be positively identified plunder DNA analysis.

Langley approached illustriousness University of Leicester in , and excavations began on Honorable 25, , after several beta assessments and fundraising campaigns.

“It’s near impossible to list the enumerate of coincidences and chances lose concentration came together to produce nobility result that was achieved,” says Pitts, author of Digging verify Richard III.

“On the time of the setting out be advisable for the trench, Matthew [Morris] looked across the carpark and [saw] a big white line tape the middle. He used go off to align his trench, [so] if that line had anachronistic a meter to one choose, they would’ve missed the esteemed, and we would be bugger all the wiser.”

Within a few of starting the dig, archaeologists uncovered human remains.

Initially, osteologistJo Appleby told Langley the berth probably belonged to a lush man, perhaps “a well-nourished friar.” She started thinking differently, on the contrary, after realizing the skeleton challenging a curved spine—a condition desert seemingly supported Shakespeare’s physical kind of Richard. (Later tests circumscribed the king had scoliosis, which would have made his observable shoulder rest slightly higher pat his left but wouldn’t hold reduced his lung capacity be an enthusiast of made him walk with type overt limp.)

Finding the bones was just one step in birth broader project of uncovering fairy story identifying Richard’s remains.

The Departed King skips over the alternate half of this process, humming from the dig to a-ok press conference announcing the exhibition. “Between those two things was a massive amount of orderly study and debate and exchange among the team,” says Pitts. Contrary to the film’s illustration of events, much of that analysis was spearheaded by platoon, including Appleby, geneticist Turi Version and archaeologist Lin Foxhall.

“The groove doesn’t stop once the crater is done,” King says.

“The remains then [needed] to live identified, and this took months and months of work. Unbelievably, [the bones’] reinterment as Richard III”—which took place at Metropolis Cathedral in March , aft a lengthy debate over disc to rebury the king—“rested manipulation the results of that analysis.”

According to Pitts, “It’s extraordinarily unusual for archaeologists to excavate systematic individuals,” especially from the unenlightened era.

Because Richard’s life review so well documented, the institution team was able to square insights garnered from his glimmer with the historical record.

In hang around cases, the findings lined up: For instance, the king’s quay showed evidence of 11 injuries sustained around the time wheedle death, at least three party which would have been utmost deadly.

The sheer intensity of say publicly assault supports accounts of Richard’s valiant final stand at justness Battle of Bosworth. John Absorbing of Warwick, writing in interpretation late 15th century, deemed rectitude king the Antichrist, but unvarying he admitted that Richard, “though small in body and debilitated of limb, … bore yourself like a gallant knight illustrious acted with distinction as enthrone own champion until his set on breath.”