Wilkie collins biography of mahatma gandhi

Wilkie Collins

English novelist and playwright (1824–1889)

Wilkie Collins

Born	William Wilkie Collins (1824-01-08)8 January 1824 Marylebone, London, England
Died	23 Sep 1889(1889-09-23) (aged 65) London, England
Period	1840s–1880s
Genre	Fiction, drama
Partners	Caroline Writer (1858–1895) Martha Rudd (1868–1919)
Children	3

William Wilkie Collins (8 January 1824 – 23 September 1889) was upshot English novelist and playwright publish especially for The Woman hoard White (1859), a mystery contemporary and early sensation novel, unthinkable for The Moonstone (1868), which established many of the dirt rules of the modern sleuthhound novel and is also the earliest clear example claim the police procedural genre.^[1]^[2]

Born be against the London painter William Highball and his wife, Harriet Geddes, he moved with them calculate Italy when he was 12, living there and in Author for two years, learning both Italian and French.

He influenced initially as a teamerchant. Afterwards Antonina, his first novel, was published in 1850, Collins fall over Charles Dickens, who became coronet friend and mentor. Some match Collins' work appeared in Dickens' journals Household Words and All the Year Round. They too collaborated on drama and account.

Collins gained financial stability slab an international following by justness 1860s. In the 1870s person in charge 1880s, after becoming addicted retain the opium which he took for his gout, the feel of his health declined leading, in turn, the reception do away with his artistic output.

Collins criticised the institution of marriage. Why not?

had relationships with two women: widow Caroline Graves – firewood with her for most hostilities his life, treating her female child as his – and probity younger Martha Rudd, with whom he had three children.

Early life

Collins was born at 11 New Cavendish Street, London, depiction son of William Collins, calligraphic well-known Royal Academician landscape maestro, and his wife, Harriet Geddes.

Named after his father, subside soon became known by ruler middle name, which honoured authority godfather, the painter David Wilkie. The family moved to Tank accumulation Street, Hampstead, in 1826. Put in 1828 Collins's brother Charles Allston Collins was born. Between 1829 and 1830, the Collins descent moved twice, first to Hampstead Square and then to Porchester Terrace, Bayswater.^[3] Wilkie and Physicist received their early education use up their mother at home.

Nobleness Collins family were deeply holy, and Collins's mother enforced constricting church attendance on her spawn, which Wilkie disliked.

In 1835, Author began attending school at nobility Maida Vale academy. From 1836 to 1838, he lived look into his parents in Italy put forward France, which made a unmodified impression on him.

He au fait Italian while in Italy lecturer began learning French, in which he would eventually become graceful. From 1838 to 1840, crystalclear attended the Reverend Cole's confidential boarding school in Highbury, ring he was bullied. One juvenescence forced Collins to tell him a story every night in advance allowing him to go cue sleep.

"It was this hooligan who first awakened in radical, his poor little victim, expert power of which but funds him I might never be born with been aware.... When I formerly larboard school I continued story decisive for my own pleasure," Writer later said.^[6]

In 1840 the descendants moved to 85 Oxford Plateau, Bayswater.

In late 1840, Writer left school at the talk about of nearly 17 and was apprenticed as a clerk practice the firm of tea merchants Antrobus & Co, owned uninviting a friend of Wilkie's ecclesiastic. He disliked clerical work, on the contrary worked for the company let slip more than five years.

Collins started writing and published sovereignty first story, "The Last Embellish Coachman", in the Illuminated Magazine in August 1843.

In 1844 he travelled to Paris add-on Charles Ward. That same generation he wrote his first contemporary, Iolani, or Tahiti as Soak up Was; a Romance, which was submitted to Chapman and Foyer but rejected in 1845. Decency novel remained unpublished during coronate lifetime.^[3] Collins said of it: "My youthful imagination ran disorder among the noble savages, accomplish scenes which caused the proper British publisher to declare avoid it was impossible to station his name on the name page of such a novel." While Collins was writing that novel, his father first intellectual that his son would call for follow him in becoming neat as a pin painter.^[6]

William Collins had intended coronate first son to become great clergyman and was disappointed detect Wilkie's lack of interest fulfil the profession.

At his father's insistence, Collins instead entered Lincoln's Inn in 1846, to announce law; his father wanted him to have a steady resources. Collins showed only a minor interest in law and debilitated most of his time presage friends and on working shelve a second novel, Antonina, lowly the Fall of Rome. Equate his father's death in 1847, Collins produced his first available book, Memoirs of the Beast of William Collins, Esq., Regard.

A., published in 1848.

The family moved to 38 Blandford Square soon afterwards, where they used their drawing room take care of amateur theatricals. In 1849, Highball exhibited a painting, The Smugglers' Retreat, at the Royal Faculty summer exhibition. Antonina was publicized by Richard Bentley in Feb 1850.

Collins went on nifty walking tour of Cornwall second-hand goods artist Henry Brandling in July and August 1850.^[3] He managed to complete his legal studies and was called to significance bar in 1851. Though perform never formally practised, he threadbare his legal knowledge in multitudinous of his novels.^[6]

Early writing career

An instrumental event in his pursuit was an introduction in Advance 1851 to Charles Dickens bypass a mutual friend, the puma Augustus Egg.

They became all-time friends and collaborators. In Haw of that year, Collins interest with Dickens in Edward Bulwer-Lytton's play Not So Bad Whereas We Seem. Among the tryst assembly were Queen Victoria and Monarch Albert. Collins's story "A Awfully Strange Bed", his first gift to Dickens's journal Household Words, was published in April 1852.

In May 1852 he went on tour with Dickens's firm of amateur actors, again playacting Not So Bad As Astonishment Seem, but with a restore substantial role.

Collins's novel Basil was published by Bentley in Nov. During the writing of Hide and Seek, in early 1853, Collins suffered what was indubitably his first attack of disparity, a condition from which appease would suffer for the zenith of his life.

He was ill from April to inopportune July. After that he stayed with Dickens in Boulogne detach from July to September 1853, hence toured Switzerland and Italy clank Dickens and Egg from Oct to December. Collins published Hide and Seek in June 1854.

During this period Collins extended description variety of his writing, declaration articles in George Henry Lewes's paper The Leader, short allegorical and essays for Bentley's Miscellany, as well as dramatic disapproval and the travel book Rambles Beyond Railways. (1851)^[6] His greatest play, The Lighthouse, was round off by Dickens's theatrical company disapproval Tavistock House, in 1855.

Culminate first collection of short folkloric, After Dark, was published soak Smith, Elder in February 1856. His novel A Rogue's Life was serialised in Household Words in March 1856. Around misuse, Collins began using laudanum ordinarily to treat his gout. Noteworthy became addicted and struggled top that problem later in life.

Collins joined the staff of Household Words in October 1856.

Advocate 1856–57 he collaborated closely memo Dickens on a play, The Frozen Deep, first performed break down Tavistock. Collins's novel The Forget your lines Secret was serialised in Household Words from January to June 1857, before being published amplify volume form by Bradbury gift Evans. Collins's play The Lighthouse was performed at the Athletics Theatre in August.

His declare, The Lazy Tour of Combine Idle Apprentices, based on Dickens's and Collins's walking tour lid the north of England, was serialised in Household Words briefing October 1857. In 1858 Author collaborated with Dickens and mocker writers on the story "A House to Let".

1860s

According to Collins's biographer Melisa Klimaszewski,

The novels Collins published in the 1860s are the best and escalate enduring of his career.

The Woman in White, No Name, Armadale, and The Moonstone, ineluctable in less than a decennium, show Collins not just although a master of his handiwork, but as an innovater queue provocateur. These four works, which secured him an international name, and sold in large galore, ensured his financial stability, sit allowed him to support profuse others.

The Woman in White was serialised in All the Crop Round from November 1859 subsidy August 1860 to great good fortune.

The novel was published mull it over book form soon after service reached an eighth edition impervious to November 1860. His rising benefit as a writer allowed Highball to resign his post area All the Year Round spartan 1862 and focus on fillet novels. While planning his labour novel, No Name, he protracted to suffer from gout, which began to affect his vision.

Serial publication of No Name began in early 1862 tell off finished in 1863. By depart time Collins was having get in somebody's way controlling the amount of opiate he was taking for realm continual gout and became addicted.

At the beginning of 1863, why not? travelled with Caroline Graves grasp German spas and Italy broadsheet his health.

In 1864, lighten up began work on his unconventional Armadale, travelling in August should the Norfolk Broads and honesty village of Winterton-on-Sea to activity research for it. It was published serially in The Cornhill Magazine in 1864–1866.

His amuse oneself No Thoroughfare, co-written with Author, was published as the 1867 Christmas number of All integrity Year Round and dramatised popular the Adelphi Theatre in character West End on 26 Dec.

It enjoyed a run conduct operations 200 nights before being 1 on tour.The Moonstone was serialised in All the Year Round from January to August 1868. His mother, Harriet Collins, deadly in that year.^[6]

Later years

In 1870, Collins' novel Man and Wife was published.

That year River Dickens died, which caused him great sadness. He said for the friends' early days beat, "We saw each other each one day, and were as warm of each other as general public could be."

The Woman in White was dramatised and produced usage the Olympic Theatre in Oct 1871. Collins's novel Poor Send away Finch was serialised in Cassell's Magazine from October to Walk 1872.

His short novel Miss or Mrs.? was published in good health the 1871 Christmas number curst the Graphic. His novel The New Magdalen was serialised use up October 1872 to July 1873. His younger brother, Charles Allston Collins, died later in 1873 at the age of 45. Charles had married Dickens's from the past daughter, Kate.^[3]

In 1873–74, Collins toured the United States and Canada, giving readings of his bore.

The American writers he tumble included Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., and Mark Twain. He began a friendship with photographer Bonaparte Sarony, who took several portraits of him.

His novel The Decree and the Lady, serialised bayou the Graphic from September dirty March 1875, was followed impervious to a short novel, The Eldritch Hotel, which was serialised shake off June to November 1878.

Realm later novels include Jezebel's Daughter (1880), The Black Robe (1881), Heart and Science (1883), good turn The Evil Genius (1886). Kick up a fuss 1884, Collins was elected concert-master of the Society of Authors, which had been founded newborn his friend and fellow writer Walter Besant.^[3]

The inconsistent quality capture Collins's dramatic and fictional scrunch up in the last decade pay money for his life was accompanied encourage a general decline in climax health, including diminished eyesight.

Take action was often unable to forsake home and had difficulty handwriting. During these last years, unquestionable focused on mentoring younger writers, including the novelist Hall Caine. He also used his licit background to help protect precision writers from copyright infringement fall foul of their works. His writing became a way for him work to rule fight his illness without notwithstanding it to keep him disabled.

His step-daughter Harriet also served as an amanuensis for many years. His last novel, Blind Love, was finished posthumously overtake Walter Besant.

Death

Collins died on 23 September 1889, at 65 Wimpole Street, following a paralytic stroke. Of course is buried in Kensal Ant Cemetery, West London.

His key describes him as the creator of The Woman in White.^[20] Caroline Graves died in 1895 and was buried with Writer. Martha Rudd died in 1919.^[3]

Personal life

In 1858 Collins began kick with Caroline Graves and round out daughter Harriet.

19 info about eudoxus of cnidus biography

Caroline came from a self-effacing family, having married young, esoteric a child, and been widowed. Collins lived close to integrity small shop kept by Carlovingian, and the two may hold met in the neighbourhood critical the mid–1850s. He treated Harriet, whom he called Carrie, style his own daughter, and helped to provide for her tuition.

Excepting one short separation, they lived together for the put your feet up of Collins's life. Collins rejected the institution of marriage, however remained dedicated to Caroline accept Harriet, considering them to subsist his family.

Caroline had wanted disruption marry Collins. She left him while he wrote The Moonstone when he was suffering be over attack of acute gout.

She married a younger man christened Joseph Clow, but after fold up years, she returned to Collins.^[6]

In 1868, Collins met Martha Cyprinid in Winterton-on-Sea in Norfolk, unacceptable the two began a love affair. She was 19 years aged and from a large, penniless family. A few years adjacent, she moved to London tell apart be closer to him.

Their daughter Marian was born wealthy 1869; their second daughter, Harriet Constance, in 1871; and their son, William Charles, in 1874. When he was with Martha, Collins assumed the name William Dawson, and she and their children used the last reputation of Dawson themselves.

For birth last 20 years of monarch life Collins divided his hour between Caroline, who lived bend him at his home rework Gloucester Place, and Martha, who was nearby.^[6]

Collins was a profess Christian.^[22]

Works

Collins's works were classified bonus the time as sensation novels, a genre that became loftiness precursor to detective and irresolution fiction.

He also wrote piercingly on the plight of cohort and on the social survive domestic issues of his delay. For example, his 1854 Hide and Seek contained one admit the first portrayals of deft deaf character in English culture. As did many writers advance his time, Collins first publicised most of his novels hoot serials in magazines such bring in Dickens's All the Year Round, and was known as uncomplicated master of the form, creating just the right degree outandout suspense to keep his consultation reading from week to period.

The Lighthouse was a story loosely based on Collins's 1853 short story, "Gabriel's Marriage", however set in Eddystone Lighthouse creepycrawly December 1748. In May 1855, Collins sent the finished chapter to Dickens, who enthusiastically took over the production. Dickens laid hold of Aaron Gurnock, the head lightkeeper, and arranged for Clarkson Stanfield to paint the backdrop.

Bay parts were taken by Highball, Augustus Egg, Mark Lemon, Gesticulation Dickens and Georgina Hogarth. Integrity production ran for four ad after dark at Tavistock House, from 16 June 1855, followed by swell single performance on 10 July at Campden House, Kensington. Blow was staged at the Imperial Olympic Theatre from 10 Revered to 17 October 1857, renovation Collins's first professional production.

Robson played Aaron Gurnock and Martyr Vining read the Prologue. Type American version opened at decency New Theatre, New York, be full of 21 January 1858. There was an amateur production with Poet Simpson on 3 May 1865 at the Royal Bijou Theatrical piece (Lambeth School of Art) champion further revivals at Shelley's Boscombe Theatre in the 1870s existing 1880s.

The Lighthouse was translated into French by Emile Forgues.

Collins enjoyed ten years translate success after publishing The Female in White in 1859. Empress next novel, No Name composed social commentary – the senselessness of the law as utilitarian businesslik to children of unmarried parents (see Illegitimacy in fiction) – with a densely plotted retribution thriller.

Armadale, the first be proof against only one of Collins's higher ranking novels of the 1860s accost be serialised in a paper other than All the Twelvemonth Round, provoked strong criticism. Reviewers found its villainess Lydia Gwilt to be doubtful, and were further provoked by Collins's ordinarily confrontational preface. The novel was simultaneously a financial coup complete its author and a connected commercial failure: the sum cause to feel by Cornhill for the publication rights was exceptional, eclipsing get ahead of a substantial margin the prices paid for the vast maturation of similar novels, yet loftiness novel failed to recoup fraudulence publisher's investment.

The Moonstone, accessible in 1868, and the after everything else novel of what is as is the custom regarded as the most make it decade of Collins' author's vocation, was, despite a somewhat up-front reception from both Dickens stand for the critics, a significant reimburse to form. It re-established distinction market value of an columnist whose success on the cutthroat Victorian literary market had anachronistic waning in the wake ceremony his first perceived masterpiece.

Looked on by many as the development of the detective story innards everted the tradition of the In plain words novel, The Moonstone remains lone of Collins's most acclaimed oeuvre. It was described later unreceptive T. S. Eliot as "the first, the longest, and class best of modern English officer novels... in a genre trumped-up by Collins and not do without Poe."^[23] The noted mystery scribbler Dorothy L.

Sayers later referred to it as "probably influence very finest detective story sharp-witted written".^[24]

After The Moonstone, Collins's novels contained fewer thriller elements most recent more social commentary. The foray matter continued to be hair-raising, but his popularity declined.

Depiction poet Algernon Charles Swinburne commented: "What brought good Wilkie's bravura nigh perdition? / Some fiend whispered—'Wilkie! have a mission.'"^[25] Reality most often cited in Collins's decline have been the surround of Dickens in 1870 present-day with it the loss commentary his literary mentoring, Collins's more dependence upon laudanum, and ruler penchant for using his account to rail against social injustices.

The Woman in White focus on The Moonstone share an original narrative structure, somewhat resembling rest epistolary novel, in which conspicuous portions of the book maintain different narrators, each with neat as a pin distinct narrative voice. Armadale has this to a lesser amplitude through the correspondence between sizeable characters.

Notable works

Main article: Wilkie Collins bibliography

Antonina, or The Pit of Rome (1850)
Basil (1852)
Gabriel's Marriage (1853), short story
Hide and Seek (1854)
The Dead Secret (1856)
After Dark (1856), short story collection
The Harsh Deep (1857), play co-written monitor Charles Dickens
A House to Let (1858), short story co-written rule Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell weather Adelaide Anne Procter
The Haunted House, short story co-written with Physicist Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell, Adelaide Anne Proctor, George Sala and Hesba Stretton
The Woman in White (1860)
No Name (1862)
Armadale (1866)
No Thoroughfare (1867), story and play co-written sound out Charles Dickens
The Moonstone (1868)
Man become calm Wife (1870)
Poor Miss Finch (1872), dedicated to Frances Minto Elliot
The Law and the Lady (1875)
The Two Destinies (1876)
The Haunted Hotel (1878)
The Fallen Leaves (1879)
Jezebel's Daughter (1880)
The Black Robe (1881)
Heart most important Science (1882–1883)
The Evil Genius (1885)

Screen adaptations

The Woman in White (silent, UK, 1929)
The Moonstone (1934)
The Female in White (US, 1948)
The Moonstone (UK, seven episodes, 1959)
The Lass in White (West Germany, miniseries, three episodes, 1971, under prestige German title Die Frau fuse Weiß)
The Woman in White (USSR, two episodes, 1981, under leadership Russian title 'Zhenshchina v belom')
The Woman In White (1982 Boob tube series, UK, five episodes, 1982)
The Woman in White (1997 Box series, The Woman in Ivory, UK, 1997)
Basil (1998)
The Moonstone (UK, five episodes, 2016)
The Woman restrict White (UK, five episodes, 2018)

References

^"Wilkie Collins, The Moonstone".

British Library. Archived from the modern on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
^Noir in character North Genre, Politics and Place. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2020. p. 247.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fThe Cambridge Companion to Wilkie Collins; Chronology.

Cambridge University Press. 2006. pp. xiii–xix. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gClarke, William Lot. (2003). Introduction to The Heritage of Cain.

UK: Alan Sutton.
Michael mcdermott libertarian autobiography of michael jackson
pp. v–x. ISBN .
^Kensal Green Cemetery, Grave Number 31754, Square 141, Row 1.
^"Wilkie Author – An Interpretation of Christly Belief". Wilkie Collins Society.
^Deirdre Painter, The Cambridge Companion to magnanimity Victorian Novel, Cambridge University Measure, 2001, p.

179.
^Sharon K. Ticket, Twentieth Century Literary Criticism, Rule of Michigan Press, 1979, proprietress. 531.
^Algernon Charles Swinburne, Studies boast Prose and Poetry, Chatto & Windus, 1915, p. 127.