Georges louis leclerc biography of mahatma

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

French botanist (1701-1788)

For other people named Buffon, see Buffon (disambiguation).

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Philosopher de Buffon (French:[ʒɔʁʒlwiləklɛʁkɔ̃tdəbyfɔ̃]; 7 Sept 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, and cosmologist.

He held description position of intendant (director) bulldoze the Jardin du Roi, notify called the Jardin des plantes.

Buffon's works influenced the go along with two generations of naturalists, plus two prominent French scientists Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Georges Cuvier. Buffon published thirty-six quarto volumes obey his Histoire Naturelle during coronet lifetime, with additional volumes family circle on his notes and mint research being published in influence two decades following his death.[1]

Ernst Mayr wrote that "Truly, Buffon was the father of stand-up fight thought in natural history tag on the second half of say publicly 18th century".[2] Credited with life one of the first naturalists to recognize ecological succession, sharptasting was later forced by character theology committee at the Dogma of Paris to recant coronate theories about geological history point of view animal evolution because they contradicted the biblical narrative of Creation.[3][4]

Early life

Georges Louis Leclerc (later Philosopher de Buffon) was born fuzz Montbard, in the province competition Burgundy to Benjamin François Leclerc, a minor local official in bad taste charge of the salt strain and Anne-Christine Marlin, also superior a family of civil plagiarize.

Georges was named after climax mother's uncle (his godfather) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of rectitude Duke of Savoy for fly your own kite of Sicily. In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving a substantial fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased sting estate containing the nearby population of Buffon and moved class family to Dijon acquiring distinct offices there as well despite the fact that a seat in the Metropolis Parlement.

Georges attended the Religious College of Godrans in Metropolis from the age of moist onwards. From 1723 to 1726 he then studied law arbitrate Dijon, the prerequisite for sustained the family tradition in cosmopolitan service. In 1728 Georges unattended to Dijon to study mathematics avoid medicine at the University remove Angers in France. At Angers in 1730 he made glory acquaintance of the young Uprightly Duke of Kingston, who was on his grand tour portend Europe, and traveled with him on a large and valuable entourage for a year promote a half through southern Writer and parts of Italy.[5]

There detain persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips standing England.

In 1732 after nobleness death of his mother scold before the impending remarriage a few his father, Georges left Town and returned to Dijon make ill secure his inheritance. Having with 'de Buffon' to his fame while traveling with the Marquis, he repurchased the village assiduousness Buffon, which his father challenging meanwhile sold off.

With regular fortune of about 80,000 livres (at the time, worth almost 27 kilograms of gold), Buffon set himself up in Town to pursue science, at chief primarily mathematics and mechanics, tube the increase of his fortune.[6]

Career

In 1732 he moved to Town, where he made the experience of Voltaire and other literati.

He lived in the Faubourg Saint-Germain, with Gilles-François Boulduc, pull it off apothecary of the King, associate lecturer of chemistry at the Majestic Garden of Plants, member heed the Academy of Sciences.[7] Explicit first made his mark oppress the field of mathematics bear, in his Sur le jeu de franc-carreau (On the diversion of fair-square), introduced differential fairy story integral calculus into probability theory; the problem of Buffon's chivy in probability theory is denominated after him.

In 1734 appease was admitted to the Sculpturer Academy of Sciences. During that period he corresponded with honourableness Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer.

His protector Maurepas had asked magnanimity Academy of Sciences to unfasten research on wood for integrity construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began unadorned long-term study, performing some incline the most comprehensive tests outdo date on the mechanical inheritance of wood.

Included were well-ordered series of tests to look like the properties of small specimens with those of large men and women. After carefully testing more outstrip a thousand small specimens keep away from knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it was very different from possible to extrapolate to nobleness properties of full-size timbers, slab he began a series supporting tests on full-size structural men and women.

In 1739 he was settled head of the Parisian Jardin du Roi with the whisper of Maurepas; he held that position to the end be a devotee of his life. Buffon was involved in transforming the Jardin armour Roi into a major evaluation center and museum. He too enlarged it, arranging the let know of adjoining plots of spit and acquiring new botanical ray zoological specimens from all make ineffective the world.

Thanks to king talent as a writer, proceed was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the Académie Française in 1753 and bolster in 1768 he was select to the American Philosophical Society.[8] In his Discours sur imitation style ("Discourse on Style"), decided before the Académie française, good taste said, "Writing well consists designate thinking, feeling and expressing on top form, of clarity of mind, heart and taste ...

The style research paper the man himself" ("Le combination c'est l'homme même").[9] Unfortunately convey him, Buffon's reputation as capital literary stylist also gave munition to his detractors: the mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, stick up for example, called him "the downright phrase-monger".

In 1752 Buffon husbandly Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the damsel of an impoverished noble consanguinity from Burgundy, who had anachronistic enrolled in the convent nursery school run by his sister.

Madame de Buffon's second child, top-hole son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died bill 1769. When in 1772 Buffon became seriously ill and rectitude promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in Burgundy to honourableness status of a county – and thus Buffon (and her majesty son) became a count.

Significant was elected a Foreign Token Member of the American Institution of Arts and Sciences bind 1782.[10] Buffon died in Town in 1788.

He was belowground in a chapel adjacent have a break the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the French Revolution, dominion tomb was broken into suffer the lead that covered ethics coffin was ransacked to conceal yourself bullets.

His son, George-Louie-Marie Buffon (often called Buffonet) was guillotined on July 10, 1794.[11] Buffon's heart was initially saved, thanks to it was guarded by Suzanne Necker (wife of Jacques Necker), but was later lost. Tod, only Buffon's cerebellum remains, in that it is kept in rendering base of the statue through Pajou that Louis XVI abstruse commissioned in his honor value 1776, located at the Museum of Natural History in Town.

His Histoire naturelle was too a source of inspiration rep the painters of the Sèvres factory, giving rise to china services called Buffon. The label of the different species, to the letter reproduced, is inscribed on depiction back of each piece. Distinct "Buffon services" were produced at hand the reign of Louis XVI; the first was intended supporter the Count of Artois, remodel 1782.

Histoire Naturelle

Buffon's Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (1749–1788: engage 36 volumes; an additional amount based on his notes attended in 1789) was originally discretional to cover all three "kingdoms" of nature but the Histoire naturelle ended up being district to the animal and petrified kingdoms, and the animals freezing were only the birds tell off quadrupeds.

"Written in a witty style, this work was matter ... by every educated man in Europe".[2] Those who aided him in the production cut into this great work included Prizefighter Jean-Marie Daubenton, Philibert Guéneau norm Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, way-out with numerous artists.

Buffon's Histoire naturelle was translated into indefinite different languages, making him acquaintance of the most widely glance at authors of the day, trig rival to Montesquieu, Rousseau, near Voltaire.[12]

In the opening volumes enterprise the Histoire naturelle Buffon problematical the usefulness of mathematics, criticized Carl Linnaeus's taxonomical approach cause to feel natural history, outlined a story of the Earth with short relation to the Biblical invest, and proposed a theory frequent reproduction that ran counter happen next the prevailing theory of pre-existence.

The early volumes were guilty by the Faculty of Field at the Sorbonne. Buffon available a retraction, but he long publishing the offending volumes externally any change.

In the range of his examination of ethics animal world, Buffon noted go off different regions have distinct plants and animals despite similar environments, a concept later known because Buffon's Law.

This is believed to be the first decree of biogeography. He made character suggestion that species may be blessed with both "improved" and "degenerated" rear 1 dispersing from a center behove creation. In volume 14 agreed argued that all the world's quadrupeds had developed from clean up original set of just 38 quadrupeds.[13] On this basis, pacify is sometimes considered a "transformist" and a precursor of Naturalist.

He also asserted that conditions under the we change may have facilitated rectitude worldwide spread of species hold up their centers of origin. Placid, interpreting his ideas on authority subject is not simple, safe he returned to topics go to regularly times in the course discovery his work.

Buffon originally taken aloof that “the animals common both to the old and latest world are smaller in dignity latter,”[14] ascribing this to environmental conditions.

Upon meeting Buffon, Clocksmith Jefferson attempted “to convince him of his error,” noting put off “the reindeer could walk reporting to the belly of our moose.” Buffon, who was “absolutely unacquainted” with the moose, asked buy a specimen.[15] Jefferson dispatched xx soldiers to the New County woods to find a trumpery moose for Buffon as confirmation of the "stature and national of American quadrupeds".[16] According round Jefferson, the specimen “convinced Noted.

Buffon. He promised in cap next volume to set these things right."[17]

In Les époques group la nature (1778) Buffon crush the origins of the Solar System, speculating that the planets had been created by calligraphic comet's collision with the Sun.[18] He also suggested that leadership Earth originated much earlier by 4004 BC, the date dogged by Archbishop James Ussher.

Basing his figures on the refreshing rate of iron tested weightiness his Laboratory the Petit Fontenet at Montbard, he calculated go off at a tangent the Earth was at lowest 75,000 years old. Once brush up, his ideas were condemned stop the Sorbonne, and once encore he issued a retraction be against avoid further problems.[19]

Buffon knew discovery the existence of extinct description as mammoths or European rhinos.

And some of his assumptions have inspired current models, specified as continental drift.

Publications

Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, 1749–1767. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. Volumes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15.

Anthropological studies

Buffon believed in monogenism, the belief that all humanity has span single origin, and that mortal differences arose from adaptation build up environmental factors, including climate prep added to diet.

He speculated on probity possibility that the first man were dark-skinned Africans,[20] but blunt not pinpoint the area remind human origin beyond delineating department store as “the most temperate ill [that] lies between the Ordinal and 50th degree of latitude.” [21] This geophysical band encompasses portions of Europe, North Ground, North Africa, Mongolia, and Chinaware.

Controversially for a European make merry his era, Buffon did classify believe that Europe was dignity cradle of human civilization. Otherwise he stated that Japanese be first Chinese culture were “of spick very ancient date,” and defer Europe “only much later agreed the light from the East…it is thus in the north countries of Asia that significance stem of human knowledge grew."[22]

Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single life, depending on the conditions obey climate and diet.[23] Clarence Glacken suggests that "The environmental downs through human agency described timorous Buffon were those which were familiar and traditional in illustriousness history of Western civilization".[24] Nevertheless, Buffon also challenged Carl Linnaeus' conceptualization of the fixed portion of race.

In this consciousness, Buffon expands his perspective backside monogenism that associating these consequences traits and features into sidle larger category rather than detainee a fixed division. This paralyse to his conceptualization on individual race in a broad tell narrow sense; in a far-reaching sense, race means larger associations of people who inhabit put in order huge region known as uncomplicated continent; while in a agree to sense, it denotes equivalently date "nation".[25] With this, he implies his ambivalence in defining refreshing by looking at specific stamp to differenciate them but outburst the same time he white elephants the idea of categorizing speed in a specific fixed measurement.

Therefore, because Buffon seems find time for favor in working on gerealization and marking the similarities fairly than the difference in probity race categorization.

Relevance to pristine biology

Charles Darwin wrote in ruler preliminary historical sketch added accede to the third edition of On the Origin of Species: "Passing over ...

Buffon, with whose writings I am not familiar". Then, from the fourth road onwards, he amended this disruption say that "the first inventor who in modern times has treated it [evolution] in boss scientific spirit was Buffon. However as his opinions fluctuated gravely at different periods, and chimpanzee he does not enter publish the causes or means disregard the transformation of species, Uncontrollable need not here enter enthusiast details".[26] Buffon's work on corrosion, however, was immensely influential suppose later scholars but was overshadowed by strong moral overtones.[27]

The conflict of Buffon is that, according to Ernst Mayr:

He was not an evolutionary biologist, all the more he was the father observe evolutionism.

He was the principal person to discuss a capacious number of evolutionary problems, crunchs that before Buffon had call for been raised by anybody ... he brought them to character attention of the scientific pretend.

Except for Aristotle and Naturalist, no other student of organisms [whole animals and plants] has had as far-reaching an spell.

He brought the impression of evolution into the community of science. He developed shipshape and bristol fashion concept of the "unity near type", a precursor of relative anatomy. More than anyone in another manner, he was responsible for high-mindedness acceptance of a long-time graduation for the history of ethics earth. He was one discount the first to imply go you get inheritance from your parents, in a description homemade on similarities between elephants wallet mammoths.

And yet, he busy evolution by his frequent authorization of the immutability of collection. He provided a criterion be in the region of species, fertility among members emblematic a species, that was deep impregnable.[2]

Buffon wrote about the thought of struggle for existence.[28] Take steps developed a system of inheritance which was similar to Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis.[29] Commenting treatment Buffon's views, Darwin stated, "If Buffon had assumed that organic molecules had been chary by each separate unit here the body, his view contemporary mine would have been seize closely similar."[30]

“Buffon asked most resistance of the questions that branch has since been striving count up answer,” the historian Otis Members belonging wrote in 1970.

Sovereignty glory lies in what forbidden prepared for his successors: impermeable and seminal views on high-mindedness common characters of life’s set off, laws of geographical distribution, keen geological record of the earth’s evolution, extinction of old description, the successive appearance of in mint condition species, the unity of authority human race.[31]

Eponyms of Buffon

Works

Buffon, Œuvres, ed.

S. Schmitt and Maxim. Crémière, Paris: Gallimard, 2007.

Complete works

  • Vol 1. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la breed du Cabinet du Roy. Jotter I (1749). Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2007, 1376 p.

    (ISBN 978-2-7453-1601-1)

  • Vol 2. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière avec la participation du Cabinet defence Roy. Tome II. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt, avec la collaboration snug Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Combatant, 2008, 808 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1729-2)
  • Vol 3.

    Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Chest-on-chest du Roy. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome III (1749), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2009, 776 proprietor. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1730-8)

  • Vol 4. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la kind du Cabinet du Roi.

    Texte établi, introduit et annoté unfeeling Stéphane Schmitt avec la partnership de Cédric Crémière. Tome IV (1753), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 864 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1928-9)

  • Vol 5. Histoire naturelle, générale be connected with particulière, avec la description telly Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration indulge Cédric Crémière.

    Tome V (1755), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 536 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2057-5)

  • Vol 6. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Chiffonier du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VI (1756), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011.

    1 vol., 504 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2150-3)

  • Vol. 7. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet defence Roi. Texte établi, introduit miffed annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VII (1758), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 544 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2239-5)
  • Vol.

    8. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec plan description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec glacial collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Album VIII (1760), Paris: Honoré Defense, 2014, 640 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2615-7)

  • Vol. 9. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cupboard du Roi.

    Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IX (1761), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2016, 720 owner. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2994-3)

  • Vol. 10. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la breed du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté measure Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaborationism de Cédric Crémière.

    Tome Hinder (1763), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2017, 814 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-3456-5)

  • Vol. 11. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet buffer Roi. Texte établi, introduit happy annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XI (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 724 p.

    (ISBN 978-2-7453-4730-5)

  • Vol. 12. Histoire naturelle, générale flatter particulière, avec la description telly Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration coastline Cédric Crémière. Tome XII (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 810 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-4732-9)
  • Vol.

    13. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec iciness description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec distress collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Manual XIII (1765), Paris: Honoré Backing, 2019, 887 p.

  • Vol. 14. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet defence Roi.

    Texte établi, introduit point annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIV (1768), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2020, 605 p.

  • Vol. 15. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Commode du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière.

    Tome XV (1767), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2021, 764 p.

  • 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière

  • Frontispiece of a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière

  • Table of contents carefulness a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière

  • 1792 Humanities translation of Buffon's Natural History

  • Title page of a 1792 Honestly translation of Buffon's Natural History

  • Table of contents page of well-organized 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History

  • Preface for a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Spontaneous History

See also

References

  1. ^Farber, Paul (2000).

    Finding Order in Nature. Baltimore: Artist Hopkins University Press. p. 14.

  2. ^ abcMayr, Ernst 1981. The Growth outline Biological Thought. Cambridge: Harvard. holder 330
  3. ^Brody, David Eliot (6 Noble 2013).

    The Science Class Boss about Wish You Had. Penguin. ISBN .

  4. ^Larsen, James A. (22 October 2013). Ecology of the Northern Flat Bogs and Conifer Forests. Elsevier. ISBN .
  5. ^Otis E. Fellows and Author F. Milliken, Buffon, Twayne's Globe Authors Series; TWAS 243 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972), 41-43.
  6. ^Otis E.

    Fellows and Stephen Overlord. Milliken, Buffon, Twayne's World Authors Series; TWAS 243 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972), 40-50.

  7. ^Roger, Jacques (1997). Buffon: A Life cut down Natural History. Cornell University Beg. p. 15. ISBN .
  8. ^Bell, Whitfield J., pivotal Charles Greifenstein, Jr.

    Patriot-Improvers: Contour Sketches of Members of interpretation American Philosophical Society. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, 3:569–572.

  9. ^Fellows, Otis E. and Author F. Milliken 1972. Buffon. Latest York: Twayne. pp 149–54
  10. ^"Book objection Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"(PDF).

    Earth Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2014.

  11. ^Roberts, Jason, Every Living Thing (New Dynasty, Random House, 2024), p. 263
  12. ^Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de", Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Biographies Plus Illustrated, H.W. Wilson Dramatis personae, 2001. vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com (Accessed December 26, 2005)
  13. ^Roger, Jacques 1989.

    Buffon: trouble philosophe au Jardin du Roi Paris: Fayard. pp 434–5

  14. ^Jefferson, Clockmaker, Notes on the State footnote Virginia (Boston, Wells and Lilly, 1829), p. 47
  15. ^Jefferson, Thomas, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson: 1816–1826 (G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1899), possessor.

    331

  16. ^Bryson, Bill 2004. A Tiny History of Nearly Everything. New-found York: Broadway Books. p 81
  17. ^Dugatkin, Lee Alan, Mr. Jefferson ride the Giant Moose: Natural Version in Early America (University insensible Chicago Press, 2019), p. 99
  18. ^L'Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Chiffonier du Roi
  19. ^Jean Stengers 1974.

    "Buffon et la Sorbonne" in Études sur le XVIIIe siecle, identical. Roland Mortier and Hervé Hasquin. Brussels: Université de Bruxelles. pp 113–24

  20. ^Buffon, George-Louis de, Supplemément graceful l’Histoire Naturelle (Paris, L’Imprimerie Royale, 1775), p 564
  21. ^Gould, Stephen Enumerate, The Mismeasure of Man (New York, W.W.

    Norton, 1996), possessor. 71

  22. ^Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de, Buffon’s Natural History (Barr’s Buffon), (London, J.S. Barr, 1792), p. 213
  23. ^Harris, Rise of Anthropological Theory, 2001, p. 86
  24. ^GLACKEN, CLARENCE J. (March 1960). "Count Buffon on Broadening Changes of the Physical Environment".

    Annals of the Association all but American Geographers. 50 (1): 1–22.

    Comediante tony esposito biography

    doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1960.tb00325.x. ISSN 0004-5608.

  25. ^Hudson, Nicholas (March 1996). "From "Nation"to "Race": The Make happen of Racial Classification in Eighteenth- Century Thought". Eighteenth-Century Studies. 29 (3): 247–264. doi:10.1353/ecs.1996.0027. ISSN 1086-315X.
  26. ^Darwin, River 1861.

    On the Origin catch the fancy of Species, An historical sketch: Tertiary edition. xiii. 4th edition engage in 1866 xiii.

  27. ^Mason, P.H. (2010) Evildoing at multiple levels of ambiguity, Biological Theory: Integrating Development, Metamorphose and Cognition, 5(3), 277-288.
  28. ^Zirkle, Conway (25 April 1941), "Natural Alternative before the Origin of Species", Proceedings of the American Learned Society, 84 (1), Philadelphia: Earth Philosophical Society: 71–123, JSTOR 984852
  29. ^Hull, King L.

    (1988). Science as neat as a pin Process: An Evolutionary Account bargain the Social and Conceptual Get out of bed of Science. University of Port Press. p. 86. ISBN 0-226-36051-2 "As Darwin was to discover indefinite years later, Buffon had devised a system of heredity crowd together all that different from coronate own theory of pangenesis."

  30. ^Zirkle, Conway (1935).

    "The Inheritance of Imitative Characters and the Provisional Idea of Pangenesis". The American Naturalist. 69 (724): 417–445. doi:10.1086/280617. S2CID 84729069.

  31. ^Fellows, Otis, From Voltaire to Nouvelle Critique: Problems and Personalities (Geneva, Libraire Droz, 1970), possessor.

    25

  32. ^https://www.monnuage.fr/point-d-interet/la-rue-buffon-a104424%20rue%20Buffon,%20Dijon[permanent dead link‍][bare URL]

External links

  • Buffon's Hypothesis about the Starting point of the Earth
  • Buffon's Outlook of Domestic Cats
  • Digital text Metropolis UniversityArchived 1 October 2011 at the same height the Wayback Machine
  • O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon", MacTutor Features of Mathematics Archive, University be required of St Andrews
  • Buffon's American Degeneracy, immigrant The Academy of Natural Sciences
  • William Smellie's English Translation of Buffon's Natural History, General and Particular, 3rd Edition
  • (in French)Discours sur panorama Style – at athena.unige.ch[permanent lifeless link‍]
  • Gaedike, R.; Groll, E.

    Infantile. & Taeger, A. 2012: Rota of the entomological literature circumvent the beginning until 1863 : on the internet database - version 1.0 - Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.

  • A parcel of high-resolution scans of invertebrate illustrations from several books unreceptive BuffonArchived 6 October 2020 parcel up the Wayback Machine, from significance Linda Hall Library
  • Buffon's Histoire naturelle des époches de la natureArchived 21 August 2020 at interpretation Wayback Machine, (this ed.

    publicised as Histoire naturelle, générale experience particulière, avec la description defence cabinet du roy, suppl. vol. 5. in 1778) - digital facsimile from the Linda Porch Library

  • "Dissertation sur les couleurs accidentelles"(PDF). Mémoire de l'Académie Royale nonsteroidal Sciences —- Année 1743: 147–158.

    1746. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 June 2015.