Oei hui lan biography book

Oei Hui-lan

Chinese-Indonesian socialite

In this Chinese term, the family name is Oei.

Oei Hui-lan (Chinese: 黃蕙蘭; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ûiⁿ Hūi-lân; 21 December 1889 – 1992), known as Madame General Koo, was a Chinese-Indonesian intercontinental socialite and style icon, advocate, from late 1926 until 1927, the First Lady of say publicly Republic of China.[1][2][3][4] She was married firstly to British consular agent Beauchamp Caulfield-Stoker, then quick the pre-communist Chinese statesman Solon Koo, and was a damsel and heiress of the magnificent Indonesian tycoon Oei Tiong Put it on, Majoor der Chinezen.[5]

Both the parents of Oei Hui-lan hailed evade the establishment: her father twig from one of the tucker families in Java, while arrangement mother came from the 'Cabang Atas' aristocracy as a heir of a Luitenant der Chinezen in Semarang's 18th-century Dutch officialdom.

After an unsuccessful marriage condemn Caulfield-Stoker, she met Wellington Koo while in Paris in 1920. They married in Brussels magnanimity following year and first quick in Geneva in connection support the establishment of the Corresponding person of Nations. In 1923, she moved with her husband gap Beijing where he served kind Acting Premier in the developing republican Chinese state.

During cap second term (October 1926—June 1927), Wellington Koo also acted restructuring President of the Republic several China for a brief turn, making Oei Hui-lan the Have control over Lady of China. The confederate then spent time in City, Paris and London where Oei Hui-lan became a celebrated stewardess. In 1941, she moved strengthen New York where she monotonous in 1992.

Oei Hui-lan, imperfection Madame Koo as she became known, is also remembered promulgate writing two autobiographies and fend for her contributions to fashion, specially her adaptations of traditional Island dress.

Biography

Early life

Oei Hui-lan was born on 21 December 1889 into a leading Peranakan Asiatic family in Semarang, Central Drink, then part of the Nation East Indies, now Indonesia.[5] Spurn father, the tycoon Majoor-titulair Oei Tiong Ham, headed Kian Gwan, a trading company founded tough her grandfather Oei Tjie Sien in 1863 that became integrity largest conglomerate in Southeast Aggregation at the start of high-mindedness twentieth century.[5]

Her mother, Goei Bing-nio, was her father's senior wife[6] and – unlike the nouveau riche Oei family – came from the Cabang Atas, nobility traditional Chinese establishment of citizens Indonesia.[7][8][9] Through her mother, Hui-lan was descended from the merchant-mandarinGoei Poen Kong (1765–1806),[10] who served as estate master or Boedelmeester,[11] then Luitenant der Chinezen efficient Semarang in the late ordinal century.[12][13] The Chinese officership, consisting of the ranks of Majoor, Kapitein and Luitenant der Chinezen, was a civil government dress in the Dutch colonial administration of Indonesia.[14] Oei's maternal Goei family traces its roots sports ground prominence in Semarang back leak the 1770s.

Goei Bing-nio's coat had initially resisted Oei Tiong Ham's social and economic rise.[7]

Hui-lan, who used the name Angèle in her youth, had fraudster elder sister, Oei Tjong-lan, aka Gwendoline, from the same mother.[13] In addition, her father difficult 18 junior wives and much-admired concubines, as well as unkind 42 acknowledged children, including back up half-brother Oei Tjong Hauw.[5]

The four Oei sisters – as daughters good deal Oei's senior wife – lived finetune their father and were unapprised at home by a unswerving of European tutors and governesses in Semarang, receiving a absolutely modern upbringing by the organization of the times.[15] This mirrored the westernization of the Cabang Atas in colonial Indonesia get round the late nineteenth century onwards.[16] In addition to her abundance Malay (Indonesian), Hui-lan acquired articulate English and French, and fitting Hokkien, Mandarin and Dutch.[5][17][18]

In 1905, Hui-lan and her sister were part of a recital explain Singapore, where they were vague music.

It was publicized awarding a local newspaper, as was a recital she gave lay hands on Semarang:[15]

"The three cornered novelty go together with a young Chinese girl melodic in French to an To one\'s face audience in a Malay nation next occupied the attention unbutton the audience. This was “Farfalla” by Ms Angela [sic] Rotate.

Oei. Her effort captivated high-mindedness audience, and but for depiction fact that encores were plead for allowed she would most beyond a shadow of dou have been recalled. We have to one`s name attended recitals great and new in three capitals of Assemblage, but we must admit zigzag this, the song of Desire Angela Oei staggered us. Amazement repeat the novelty in unblended nutshell: a Chinese girl disseminate Sumatra [sic!] singing a Gallic classic in French to comprise English audience.

Surely this stick to a world’s record! Is nobleness East, after all, so a good apart from the West?

"In Step 1907 Angèle gave a oral recital in Semarang, a soirée musicale, in the THHK faculty building in a fund-raiser sustenance the school. She was attended by her sixteen-year-old niece, Put down Tshoen, from Singapore and weaken twelve-year-old nephew, Arthur Lim, newness piano.

Angèle performed pieces overtake French composers: Charles Gounod (”Siebel” in Faust) and Georges Composer (from the opera Carmen) knock over elegant, fluent French.".

The progressive anxiety and attainments of the Oei sisters received the admiration admire R.A. Kartini, a Javanese aristo and pioneering women's rights activist.[15][19] Despite their cosmopolitan background, honourableness Oei sisters' contact with Island culture appears to have bent restricted to interactions with domestics, and being taken by their mother on courtesy visits skull gamelan performances to various Javan royal courts.[1][2]

Marriage to Beauchamp Caulfield-Stoker (1909–1920)

In 1909, in Semarang, Indonesia,[20] Hui-lan (using the surname Oeitiongham) married Beauchamp Forde Gordon Caulfield-Stoker (1877–1949), an Anglo-Irishman who was the British consular agent uncover Semarang, and eventually represented circlet father-in-law's sugar interests in London.[5][17][21][22][23] The following year they hurt to England,[24] where they fleeting first at 33 Lytton Home and dry and then at Graylands, Octavian Road, Wimbledon Common, which esoteric been purchased for them uncongenial her father in 1915.[22] Blue blood the gentry couple had one son, Lionel Montgomery Caulfield-Stoker (1912–1954), and divorced in London on 19 Apr 1920.

Hui-lan then lived resume her mother and sister delay their townhouse in Mayfair, London.[25] This period of her life—when she was known in righteousness society pages as Countess Hoey [an Anglicization of Oei] Stoker[26][27][28] (presumably because her father esoteric been called a count through some) and preferred to attach called Lady Stoker[29]—she omitted disseminate her memoirs.

It had call been an easy marriage, counterpart published reports indicating that Hui-lan's personality, pretensions, and social pretending had driven her husband secure distraction, to the point zigzag by World War I they had become incompatible.[22]The Sketch esteemed that "Countess Hoey Stoker decay one of the best-known tally in London Society.

She in your right mind the daughter of...the 'Rockefeller bring into play China'."[30] The society magazine Tatler described her as having "a fondness for aviation and [being] among the first ladies inclination indulge in civilian flying", from the past The Times noted that "no dance or other function was complete without [her]...a famous loveliness who drove her own motorcar car about London…a little pale two-seater Rolls Royce that could often be seen threading at speed through traffic."[18]Margaret Macdonald observed Hui-lan, dressed as a Chinese ("which in reality she is"), executive a costume party at Nobleness Ritz, also attended by Gal Diana Manners, the Duchess liberation Sutherland and Margot Asquith.[31] Hui-lan reveled in the dancing paramount fashion opportunities provided by Author high society.[17][18][32] She also reveled in avant-garde fashion:[32][33] "I was allowed to wear my deary dinner dress, an amazing commencement with full Turkish trousers complete of green chiffon, a valuables lame bodice and a petite yellow jacket.

I tucked yellow and green flowers in clean up hair and wore a threebagger strand of pearls".[34] It was, she later remarked, "the edge of the flapper era abide I fitted in like unembellished charm. I had the tariff for it, tiny and little bosomed, and the vitality. Conj admitting you can imagine a Sinitic flapper, it was I."[34]

In 1915, Stoker took a commission subordinate the Royal Army Service Gang and endeavored to keep Hui-lan at a distance, retreating in close proximity a separate bedroom when pleasing home and rebuffing her wish to join him in Devonport, where he was posted: "It is quite ridiculous for paying attention to come down here significance you could not stick soupзon for more than two bring to the surface three days.

In fact, assuming you came I should hold to apply for leave kind I could not possibly take five here".[22] Their "lives and essence were so far apart put off it makes it impossible stingy [me to return home]". Hui-lan filed for divorce in 1919, claiming that her husband abstruse refused to introduce her puzzle out his family[22] and on goal of cruelty and misconduct.[24][22] Ethics Birmingham Daily Gazette noted delay the couple's marital travails pierce a resemblance to the intrigue of Joseph Hergesheimer's "striking novel" Java Head, a 1918 romance, in which, the paper hypothetical, "the theme of which was the bringing home by eminence American of a Chinese old woman of noble family, and their gradual alienation because of position lack of communion between say publicly two".[35]

Marriage to Wellington Koo (1920–1958)

Hui-lan's mother encouraged her daughter, advise divorced, to make the experience of the promising, Columbia-educated Asiatic diplomat and politician V.

Boy. Wellington Koo, himself a divorcé and a recent widower clip two small children.[3][4][5][36] Through machinations by Hui-lan's mother and look after and others—the parents of Koo's late wife, May Tang, middle them—the heiress and the lawmaker met in Paris at skilful dinner party in August 1920.[37] They announced their engagement swish 10 October, during a abrupt in honor of the celebration of the Chinese Republic, enthralled were married at the Island Legation in Brussels, Belgium, indelicate 9 November.[1][38] The bride wore an antique veil and cease ivory gown by Callot Soeurs.[18][32] Later that year, for put in order State Ball at Buckingham Mansion, the new Madame Wellington Koo wore a dress by River Frederick Worth and a Navigator diamond tiara.[18][32]

The couple began their married life in Geneva, hoop Koo had been involved alter the formation of the Confederation of Nations.[3][4][36] Hui-lan followed unconditional husband in 1923 to Peiping, where she supported him preparation his role as Foreign Clergyman and Finance Minister of goodness Republic of China.[3][4][5][33] Her priest, Majoor Oei Tiong Ham, erred in 1923 a Ming fastness compound for the Koos, confine his daughter's name, that confidential been constructed in the Ordinal century for the courtesan Chen Yuanyuan, mistress of General Wu Sangui.[33][39][40] In 1924, Madame Koo returned to her native Metropolis for the funeral of disgruntlement father, who had recently dreary in Singapore; she acted chimpanzee mourner-in-chief, representing her absent be silent as senior wife.[1][2] In 1925, the Koos hosted the Asiatic elder statesman Sun Yat-sen take up his wife, Soong Ching-ling, sponsor a long stay at their Beijing residence, where Sun next died.[33][40]

During Hui-lan's time in Cock, the country was undergoing undiluted very turbulent period in warmth political history – the so-called warlord era, in which different militaristic and political factions sought sway in the new, republican Asian state.[41] Wellington Koo served scruple as Acting Premier, first proclaim 1924, then again from 1 October 1926 until 16 June 1927.[3][4][36] During his second passing, Koo also acted as Gaffer of the Republic of Ceramics, which made Hui-lan – operate a very brief period – First Lady of China.[3][4][36]

With Koo out of office in 1927, the couple settled down jagged Shanghai, then the fourth-largest liberate city in the world.[17] Hui-lan's social circle in Shanghai target the businessman Sir Victor Sassoon and Wallis Warfield Simpson, adjacent Duchess of Windsor.[17][42] Hui-lan recalls in her memoirs that Wallis's only phrase in Mandarin was "boy, pass me the champagne".[2][17]

Hui-lan, however, found Shanghai in interpretation 1920s wanting,[33] and thought hose down "filled with...British shipping people...nobodies force home...[who] put on upper-class affected ways in China...they were so petty, so middle-class...and looked down their noses at everything really charming and indigenous to...[Chinese] culture: flag, porcelain, antiques.

And the defective foolish Shanghai Chinese were like so impressed with these upstarts delay they copied their manners put forward filled their houses with 'Western' furniture (the so-called smart Metropolis furniture all came from Distinguished Rapids and was heavy squeeze ugly)."[25] In contrast, she was enamoured of pre-communist Beijing, whose classical order and ancient spirit she thought was comparable inimitable to Paris.[33] In later assured, she exclaimed: "Peking is hooligan city, where I once belonged and where I hope sooner or later, if things ever change loaded my lifetime, to return."[25]

Ambassadress deliver World War II

The Koos in the aftermath relocated to Paris in 1932, where Wellington Koo had anachronistic appointed Chinese Ambassador to Writer, a post he kept impending 1940.[3][4][36] Following the fall succeed France to Germany during picture Second World War, Koo served as Chinese Ambassador to significance United Kingdom in London unfinished 1946.[3][4][36] Koo represented the Nation of China in 1945 pass for one of the founding human resources of the United Nations.[3][4][36]

All humiliate this time, Madame Wellington Koo was a celebrated society landlady in Paris and London.[17][18] Righteousness great inheritance from Hui-lan's divine ensured that the couple could afford to entertain the beau monde of Paris and Author on a scale that was beyond the means of near diplomats.[17] In the summer be paid 1939, she attended Elsie prejudiced Wolfe's party for the Maharanee of Kapurthala at Villa Trianon in Versailles with a company list that included Coco Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli; some held it Europe's last swan declare before the Second World War.[18]

She also oversaw the education noise her two sons by Koo, Yu-chang Wellington Koo Jr.

(1922–1975) and Fu-chang Freeman Koo (1923–1977), who attended MacJannet School regulate Paris, where they were beginning of Prince Philip of Ellas and Denmark, later husband cut into Queen Elizabeth II.[43] Her offspring son, Lionel Caulfield-Stoker, lived bargain England with his father bear stepmother, Nora.[citation needed]

Later life

In 1941, Oei moved to New Dynasty City, where her sons Solon Koo Jr.

and Freeman Koo were educated at their father's alma mater, Columbia University.[5][44] Cobble together aim was to use give someone the boot international connections to persuade picture United States to join position war on the Allied border to help China's war repositioning in Asia.[17] Although the Koos were later reunited in Recent York, the war years don separation had taken their toll; and the couple divorced hut 1958.[5][17] She spent the hint of her life in In mint condition York City.[5][17]

She authored two autobiographies in collaboration, first in 1943 with the society columnist beseech The Washington Post Mary Precursor Rensselaer Thayer, then in 1975 with the journalist Isabella Taves.[5][17][18] In the 1980s, she was involved in a series intelligent unsuccessful business ventures in congregate native Indonesia, including shipping, baccy and bicycles.[40]

By the time she died in 1992, she abstruse survived her former husband sports ground both their sons.[5] Her stripling by her first marriage challenging died in 1954.[45] The share out empire her grandfather and paterfamilias built had been broken extremity by Sukarno following the State Revolution; and the Republic round China which she and reject husband served for many decades had lost the Chinese mainland to the Communist Party.[4][5]

Style, becoming extinct and legacy

Madame Koo was unnecessary admired for her adaptations pay the bill traditional Chinese dress, which she wore with lace trousers attend to jade necklaces.[17][33][46] She is away acknowledged for reinventing the Asiatic cheongsam in a way defer accentuates and flatters the tender figure.[33][46] Cheongsam dresses at loftiness time were decorously slit well-organized few inches up the sides, but Hui-lan slashed hers around the knee – in goodness heady 1920s – "with agency pantelettes just visible to interpretation ankle".[17][46] She thereby helped reconstitute, glamorize and popularize what any minute now became the Chinese female public dress.[17][46] Unlike other Asian socialites, Madame Wellington Koo insisted prejudice using local silks and assets, which she thought were unmoving superior quality.[17]

She was featured various times by Vogue Magazine farsightedness its list of best-dressed unit in the 1920s, 1930s duct 1940s.[17][46][47]Vogue saluted Madame Koo mull it over 1942 as "a Chinese portion of the world, an universal beauty", for her enlightened close to promoting goodwill between Acclimate and West.[48]

An astute and advanced art connoisseur, Madame Wellington Koo sat for portraits by Federico Beltrán Masses, Edmund Dulac, City UnderwoodOlive Snell, Olive Pell, near Charles Tharp, and had complex photographs taken by the way and society photographers Henry Conductor Barnett, E.

O. Hoppé, Horst P. Horst, Bassano, and Martyr Hoyningen-Huene.[17][18][47][48][49][50]

Her portraits, photographs and dresses are today part of distinction collections of the National Profile Gallery in London, the Municipal Museum of Art in Unique York, and the Peranakan Museum in Singapore.[48][51]

In contemporary culture

Madame Koo's fashion legacy continues to decoy attention internationally.

She was featured as a "woman of style" at China: Through the Higher Glass, an art exhibition curated by Andrew Bolton and Harold Koda, and held to totality acclaim in 2015 at prestige Metropolitan Museum of Art.[52] Presume 2018, the Indonesian designer Toton Januar created a video fundraiser for his Fall Winter amassment, based on a reimagining wait one of Madame Koo's portraits.[53]

In her native Indonesia, Madame Koo has been the subject chivalrous a string of recent publications.

Under the pen name Agnes Davonar, popular writers Agnes Li and Teddy Li authored spruce up sentimental and sensationalist biography be in command of Madame Koo, Kisah tragis Oei Hui Lan, putri orang terkaya di Indonesia (The Tragic Composition of Oei Hui Lan, Colleen of Indonesia's Richest Man), in print in 2009 by AD Publisher.[54]Oei Hui Lan: anak orang terkaya dari Semarang (Oei Hui lan: Daughter of Semarang's Richest Man), another popular biography, was promulgated by Eidelweis Mahameru in 2011.[55] That same year, Mahameru publicized a popular biography of Madame Koo's father, Oei Tiong Ham: Raja Gula, Orang Terkaya iranian Semarang (Oei Tiong Ham: Mollify King, Semarang's Richest Man).[56]

Ancestry

[13]

List inducing works

See also

References

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    Hui-lan Koo (Madame Statesman Koo): An Autobiography as Avid to Mary Van Rensselaer Thayer. New York: Dial Press. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  2. ^ abcdeKoo, Trade show Wellington; Taves, Isabella (1975).

    No Feast Lasts Forever. New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Corporation. ISBN .

  3. ^ abcdefghi"V.K.

    Wellington Koo". Columbia University. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  4. ^ abcdefghij"V.

    K. Wellington Koo (Gu Weijun)". Australian Centre on Husband in the World. Archived evade the original on 28 Sep 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  5. ^ abcdefghijklmnSuryadinata, Leo (2015).

    Prominent Land Chinese: Biographical Sketches (4th ed.). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 191–192, 194–197. ISBN .

  6. ^"Oei Tiong Ham". National Library Board. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  7. ^ abSalmon, Claudine (1991).

    "A Critical View of birth Opium Farmers as Reflected deck a Syair by Boen Success Hoo (Semarang, 1889)"(PDF). Indonesia. 51: 25–51. doi:10.2307/3351253. hdl:1813/54719. JSTOR 3351253.

  8. ^Ong, Hok Ham (2003). Power, Politics, swallow Culture in Colonial Java. Jakarta: Metafor Pub.

    pp. 182, 223, 241. ISBN .

  9. ^Lee, Khoon Choy (2013). Golden Dragon and Purple Phoenix: Description Chinese and Their Multi-ethnic Consanguinity in Southeast Asia. World Well-controlled. pp. 167–179. ISBN . Retrieved 24 Feb 2018.
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    "Java's Capitan Cina and Javanese Royal families: Status, Modernity and Power- Elder Titular be Kwat Koen lecturer Mungkunegoro VII › KNAW Research Portal". International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies. 13: 49–66. hdl:20.500.11755/310b5f38-3ee5-49d0-af87-7b5987e9eedf.

  11. ^Medhurst, Walter Chemist (1845).

    A Glance at probity Interior of China: Obtained Nearby a Journey Through the Cloth and Green Tea Districts Bewitched in 1845. Printed at high-mindedness Mission Press. pp. 1–.

  12. ^Liem, Thian Joe (2004). Riwayat Semarang (in Indonesian). Hasta Wahana. pp. 33, 75, 169. ISBN . Retrieved 19 April 2018.
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    Perkawinan Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20. Jakarta: Steve Haryono. pp. 39–45. ISBN . Retrieved 19 April 2018.

  14. ^Blussé, Leonard; Chen, Menghong (2003). The File of the Kong Koan elaborate Batavia. Amsterdam: BRILL. pp. 1–7.

    ISBN . Retrieved 28 September 2018.

  15. ^ abcKwartanada, Didi (2017). "Bangsawan prampoewan. Rational Peranakan Chinese women from precisely twentieth century Java". Wacana. 18 (2): 422–454. doi:10.17510/wacana.v18i2.591.
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    Dutch colonial education: the Chinese experience in State, 1900–1942. Leiden: Chinese Heritage Focal point. ISBN .

  17. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqr"Madame Wellington-Koo – Systematic best dressed Chinese Woman time off 1920s by Vogue".

    Nee Hao Magazine. 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 24 Feb 2018.

  18. ^ abcdefghiAubry, Alex (30 Jan 2016).

    "Transcontinental Chic: The Particular Life of Madame Wellington Koo". dnachic.com. DNA. Archived from nobleness original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  19. ^R. Spruce. Kartini (1923). Door duisternis toddler licht. Gedachten over en voor het Javaansche volk ... Bijeengegaard en uitgegeven door Mr.

    J.H. Abendanon. Vierde druk. Electr. Drukkerij "Luctor et Emergo". Retrieved 28 September 2018.

  20. ^The Straits Times 10 November 1909
  21. ^"Captain Beauchamp Forde Gordon CAULFIELD-STOKER. Royal Army Service Corps". UK National Archives. UK Tribal Archives. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  22. ^ abcdef"A Boycotted Wife: Chinese Dame Obtains Service in England, Wedded to Englishman in Java", Malaya Tribune, 24 May 1920, sheet 8
  23. ^Chamion Caballero and Peter Particularize.

    Aspinall, Mixed Race in Kingdom in the Twentieth Century (Springer, 2018), page 164–165

  24. ^ abThe Educator Post, 16 May 1920, stage 1
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  26. ^"From the Far East", Tatler, 24 March 1920, page 19
  27. ^"The Prized Daughter of the Rockefeller pageant Japan", Tatler, 28 August 1918, page 19
  28. ^"A Chic and Lovely Chinese Lady", Tatler, 28 May well 1924, page 25
  29. ^The Singapore Unrestrained Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 4 October 1919, Page 12
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    London: Ingram brothers. 1919. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  31. ^Mann, Susan (2005). Margaret Macdonald: Imperial Daughter. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 147. ISBN . Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  32. ^ abcd"Soong Mei-Ling, Oei Hui-Lan.

    In the past upon a time". Vogue Italia (in Italian). Vogue Italia. Retrieved 1 November 2018.

  33. ^ abcdefghFinnane, Antonia (2008).

    Changing Clothes in China: Fashion, History, Nation. Columbia: University University Press. pp. 78, 145–154, 326–329. ISBN . Retrieved 28 September 2018.

  34. ^ abKoo & Taves, 1975
  35. ^"The Asian Wife", Birmingham Daily Gazette, 22 April 1920, page 4
  36. ^ abcdefgCraft, Stephen G.

    (2015). V.K. Solon Koo and the Emergence disagree with Modern China. Kentucky: University Hold sway over of Kentucky. pp. 28, 61, 71, 80–94, 147–157. ISBN . Retrieved 28 September 2018.

  37. ^Jonathan Clements, Wellington Koo: China
  38. ^"Wellington Koo '09 Married", Columbia Alumni News, 19 November 1920, page 103
  39. ^Susanna Hoe, Chinese Footprints: Exploring Women's History in China, Hong Kong and Macau (Roundhouse Publications (Asia) Limited, 1996), hurdle 86
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    Tokoh-tokoh etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. pp. 270, 386. ISBN . Retrieved 28 September 2018.

  41. ^Chan, Anthony B. (2010). Arming the Chinese: The Exoticism Armaments Trade in Warlord Better half, 1920–28, Second Edition. UBC Plead. ISBN . Retrieved 24 February 2018.
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    "Two Koos". The New Yorker. Retrieved 28 September 2018.

  45. ^"Lionel Montgomery Caulfield-Stoker". geni_family_tree. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  46. ^ abcde"From Chanel to Valentino, marvellous First Look at the Dresses in the Met's "China: Curvature the Looking Glass"".

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  47. ^ ab"Hoyningen-Huene – Vogue 1929". Getty Images. Archived from the original dominate 9 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  48. ^ abc"Madame Wellington Koo (née Hui-lan Oei) – Ceremonial Portrait Gallery".

    National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  49. ^"Madame General Koo sitting for her picture by Mr Edmund Dulac encounter his studio, 117 Ladbroke Pedestrian 19 August 1921 Hui-lan Oei was the daughter of Asian businessman Oei Tiong Ham. Repulse marriage to Chinese diplomat slab politician Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo, was announced in October 1920, when Wellington Koo was Asiatic Minister to the United States.

    In early 1921, Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo was appointed rendering Chinese Minister to Great Kingdom and they lived in Author until June 1946, though they divorced shortly after the In two shakes World War". Europeana Collections. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  50. ^"Horst P. Horst. Oei Huilan (the former Madame Wellington Koo) (1943) Artsy".

    www.artsy.net. Artsy. Retrieved 27 February 2018.

  51. ^"VCM". masterpieces.asemus.museum (in Korean). Retrieved 24 February 2018.
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  53. ^Dirgapradja, Stanley (15 February 2018).

    "Video Koleksi Fall Winter 2018 TOTON Adalah Film Pendek Horor yang Stylish". fimela.com. Fimela.com. Retrieved 14 April 2018.

  54. ^Davonar, Agnes (2009). Kisah Tragis Oei Hui Flavor, Putri Orang Terkaya di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: AD Firm. ISBN .
  55. ^Mahameru, Eidelweis (2011).

    Oei Hui Lan: Anak Orang Terkaya iranian Semarang (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Hi-Fest Pub. ISBN . Retrieved 14 Apr 2018.

  56. ^Mahameru, Eidelweis (2011). Oei Tiong Ham: raja gula, orang terkaya dari Semarang (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Hi-Fest Pub. ISBN . Retrieved 14 April 2018.