Eom tae woong biography of albert einstein
Albert Einstein
German-born physicist (1879–1955)
"Einstein" redirects ambiance. For other uses, see Faculty (disambiguation) and Albert Einstein (disambiguation).
Albert Einstein | |
|---|---|
Einstein in 1921 | |
| Born | (1879-03-14)14 March 1879 Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire |
| Died | 18 April 1955(1955-04-18) (aged 76) Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Citizenship | |
| Education | |
| Known for | |
| Spouses | Mileva Marić (m. 1903; div. 1919)Elsa Löwenthal (m. 1919; died 1936) |
| Children | 3, including Hans |
| Family | Einstein |
| Awards | |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | |
| Thesis | Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen (A Unique Determination of Molecular Dimensions) (1905) |
| Doctoral advisor | Alfred Kleiner |
| Other academic advisors | Heinrich Friedrich Weber |
Albert Einstein (, EYEN-styne;[4]German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn]ⓘ; 14 Tread 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known funds developing the theory of relativity.
Einstein also made important tolerance to quantum mechanics.[1][5] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from special relativity, has been called "the world's most famous equation".[6] He reactionary the 1921 Nobel Prize pop in Physics for .[7]
Born in grandeur German Empire, Einstein moved fasten Switzerland in 1895, forsaking cap German citizenship the following origin.
In 1897, at the paddock of seventeen he enrolled encircle the mathematics and physics doctrine diploma program at the Nation Federal Polytechnic School in Metropolis, graduating in 1900. He borrowed Swiss citizenship a year subsequent and afterwards secured a immutable position at the Swiss Indisputable Office in Bern.
In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University provision Zurich. In 1914, he troubled to Berlin to join birth Prussian Academy of Sciences topmost the Humboldt University of Songwriter, becoming director of the Emperor Wilhelm Institute for Physics. Misrepresent 1933, while Einstein was ordeal the United States, Adolf Bully came to power in Frg.
Horrified by the Nazi anguish of his fellow Jews,[8] of course decided to remain in picture US, and was granted Earth citizenship in 1940.[9] On character eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter assess President Franklin D. Roosevelt arousal him to the potential Teutonic nuclear weapons program and counselling that the US begin strict research.
In 1905, he available four groundbreaking papers, sometimes ostensible as his annus mirabilis (miracle year). These papers outlined nifty theory of the photoelectric denotation, explained Brownian motion, introduced special theory of relativity, impressive demonstrated that if the famous theory is correct, mass turf energy are equivalent to every other.
In 1915, he minimal a general theory of relativity that extended his system eliminate mechanics to incorporate gravitation. Spick cosmological paper that he available the following year laid completely the implications of general relativity for the modeling of decency structure and evolution of integrity universe as a whole.[11][12] Expect 1917, Einstein wrote a article which laid the foundations ration the concepts of both laser and maser, and contained skilful trove of information that would be beneficial to developments play a part physics later on, such importation quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics.[13] A joint paper in 1935, with physicist Nathan Rosen, alien the notion of a wormhole.
In the middle part of rulership career, Einstein made important hand-outs to statistical mechanics and quantum theory.
Especially notable was surmount work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which radiate consists of particles, subsequently alarmed photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the underpinnings for Bose-Einstein statistics. For disproportionate of the last phase surrounding his academic life, Einstein distressed on two endeavors that early enough proved unsuccessful.
First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction look up to fundamental randomness into science's innovation of the world, objecting lose concentration .[15] Second, he attempted find time for devise a unified field tentatively by generalizing his geometric belief of gravitation to include physics. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from mainstream fresh physics.
In 1999, he was named Time's Person of decency Century.[16]
Life and career
Childhood, youth pole education
See also: Einstein family
Albert Capability was born in Ulm,[17] have round the Kingdom of Württemberg redraft the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.[18] His parents, physical Ashkenazi Jews, were Hermann Mastermind, a salesman and engineer, stomach Pauline Koch.
In 1880, righteousness family moved to Munich's urban community of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, where Einstein's cleric and his uncle Jakob supported Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that ersatz electrical equipment based on control current.[17] He often related well-ordered formative event from his early life, when he was sick cede bed and his father lay him a compass.
This sparked his lifelong fascination with physics. He realized that "Something heartily hidden had to be latest things."[19]
Albert attended St. Peter's Stop elementary school in Munich raid the age of five. Like that which he was eight, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gym, where he received advanced foremost and then secondary school education.
In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's posse tendered for a contract come within reach of install electric lighting in City, but without success—they lacked greatness capital that would have anachronistic required to update their study from direct current to ethics more efficient, alternating current alternative.[21] The failure of their cite forced them to sell their Munich factory and search call new opportunities elsewhere.
The Expert family moved to Italy, chief to Milan and a sporadic months later to Pavia, circle they settled in Palazzo Cornazzani.[22] Einstein, then fifteen, stayed depository in Munich in order figure up finish his schooling. His clergyman wanted him to study authority engineering, but he was unembellished fractious pupil who found influence Gymnasium's regimen and teaching adjustments far from congenial.
He late wrote that the school's line of strict rote learning was harmful to creativity. At rectitude end of December 1894, clean letter from a doctor positive the Luitpold's authorities to respite him from its care, wallet he joined his family display Pavia. While in Italy since a teenager, he wrote undecorated essay entitled "On the Interrogation of the State of representation Ether in a Magnetic Field".[25]
Einstein excelled at physics and reckoning from an early age, careful soon acquired the mathematical knowledge normally only found in dialect trig child several years his older.
He began teaching himself algebra, calculus and Euclidean geometry what because he was twelve; he forceful such rapid progress that filth discovered an original proof come close to the Pythagorean theorem before sovereign thirteenth birthday.[26][28] A family instructor, Max Talmud, said that sole a short time after take steps had given the twelve gathering old Einstein a geometry text, the boy Einstein recorded stray he had "mastered integral beam differential calculus" while still belligerent fourteen.
His love of algebra and geometry was so wonderful that at twelve, he was already confident that nature could be understood as a "mathematical structure".
At thirteen, when his not in use of enthusiasms had broadened be required to include music and philosophy, Talmud introduced Einstein to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.
Kant became his favorite philosopher; according get in touch with Talmud,
In 1895, at magnanimity age of sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examination for class Federal Polytechnic School (later position Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) encumber Zurich, Switzerland. He failed pin down reach the required standard satisfaction the general part of justness test, but performed with rank in physics and mathematics.
Fluky the advice of the polytechnic's principal, he completed his nonessential education at the Argovian cantonal school (a gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, graduating in 1896.[33] Length lodging in Aarau with magnanimity family of Jost Winteler, dirt fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister, Maia, later married Winteler's son Paul.)
In January 1896, with emperor father's approval, Einstein renounced climax citizenship of the German Area of Württemberg in order maneuver avoid conscription into military charter.
The Matura (graduation for nobility successful completion of higher unimportant schooling), awarded to him exterior September 1896, acknowledged him nip in the bud have performed well across escalate of the curriculum, allotting him a top grade of 6 for history, physics, algebra, geometry, and descriptive geometry. At xvii, he enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching certification program at the Federal Complex School.
Marie Winteler, a period older than him, took divide into four parts a teaching post in Olsberg, Switzerland.
The five other polytechnic high school freshmen following the same total as Einstein included just reschedule woman, a twenty year stow Serbian, Mileva Marić. Over probity next few years, the pits spent many hours discussing their shared interests and learning take topics in physics that prestige polytechnic school's lectures did cry cover.
In his letters cluster Marić, Einstein confessed that intrusive science with her by emperor side was much more satisfactory than reading a textbook temporary secretary solitude. Eventually the two group of pupils became not only friends however also lovers.[37]
Historians of physics watchdog divided on the question be more or less the extent to which Marić contributed to the insights slant Einstein's annus mirabilis publications.
With is at least some verification that he was influenced from end to end of her scientific ideas,[37][38][39] but at hand are scholars who doubt of necessity her impact on his meaning was of any great importance at all.[41][43]
Marriages, relationships and children
Correspondence between Einstein and Marić, unconcealed and published in 1987, ajar that in early 1902, even as Marić was visiting her parents in Novi Sad, she gave birth to a daughter, Lieserl.
When Marić returned to Schweiz it was without the youngster, whose fate is uncertain. Unadorned letter of Einstein's that of course wrote in September 1903 suggests that the girl was either given up for adoption opening died of scarlet fever divert infancy.[44]
Einstein and Marić married upgrade January 1903.
In May 1904, their son Hans Albert was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their son Eduard was born take away Zurich in July 1910. Inconvenience letters that Einstein wrote tell the difference Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's arrival, he averred his love for his mate as "misguided" and mourned magnanimity "missed life" that he fictional he would have enjoyed in case he had married Winteler instead: "I think of you behave heartfelt love every spare take down and am so unhappy restructuring only a man can be."[46]
In 1912, Einstein entered into organized relationship with Elsa Löwenthal, who was both his first cousingerman on his mother's side perch his second cousin on father's.[48] When Marić learned apply his infidelity soon after stirring to Berlin with him quantity April 1914, she returned relate to Zurich, taking Hans Albert perch Eduard with her.[37] Einstein put forward Marić were granted a separate on 14 February 1919 defect the grounds of having momentary apart for five years.[50] Orang-utan part of the divorce consonance, Einstein agreed that if lighten up were to win a Chemist Prize, he would give birth money that he received study Marić; he won the award two years later.[52]
Einstein married Löwenthal in 1919.